Хозяйство носителей кара-абызской культуры по материалам работ археологических экспедиций Национального музея Республики Башкортостан на памятниках у горы Курман-Тау

Авторы

  • Светлана Леонидовна Воробьева Национальный музей Республики Башкортостан (г. Уфа, Россия)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.3.171.197

Ключевые слова:

археология, Республика Башкортостан, кара-абызская культура, эпоха раннего железа, культура курмантау, гафурийский культурный комплекс, абашевская культура, алакульская культура, археологический микрорайон, металлургия, металлобработка, хозяйство.

Аннотация

В статье представлены результаты исследований 2012–2018 гг. на территории археологического микрорайона горы Курман-Тау в Гафурийском районе Республике Башкортостан. Автором были проведены археологические разведки и раскопки на восьми поселенческих объектах, в результате чего был выделен археологический микрорайон. Поселения функционировали с эпохи бронзы (абашевская и алакульская культуры) и до эпохи раннего железа (культура курмантау, кара-абызская культура, гафурийский тип). Материалы были проанализированы палео-почвоведами, остеологами, проведен спектральный анализ металла и споро-пыльцевые анализы. На основе этих данных установлена неоднородность хозяйства в разные периоды функционирования поселенческих памятников микрорайона горы Курман-Тау. В эпоху раннего железа происходит переход от более оседлого образа жизни в эпоху бронзы к полукочевому скотоводству. Но в эпоху поздней бронзы и раннего железа на данной территории одним из главных видов деятельности у носителей культуры курмантау и кара-абызской культуры были металлообработка и бронзолитейное производство. Об этом свидетельствуют находки шлаков, сплесков металла, литейной чаши, литейных форм и других изделий. Результаты работ автора указывают на преемственность в хозяйстве между носителями двух культур на территории Гафурийского района.

Библиографические ссылки

Bader, O. N. (ed.). 1976. Arheologicheskaya karta Bashkirii (Archaeological Map of Bashkortostan). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).

Morozov, Yu. A. 1996. (ed.). Istoriia kul'tury Bashkortostana (Komplekt nauchnykh i uchebnykh materialov) (History of Culture of Bashkortostan (Set of Scientific and Educational Materials)). Series: Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Bashkortostana (Archaeological sites of Bashkortostan) 6. Ufa: “Gilem” Publ. (in Russian).

Vasiliev, I. B., Ivanov, V. A. 1976. In Rybakov, B. A. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1975 goda (Archaeological Discoveries of 1975). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 161 (in Russian).

Vasiliev, I. B., Obydennov, M .F. 1977. In Rybakov, B. A. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1976 goda (Archaeological Discoveries of 1976). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 133 (in Russian).

Vasiliev, I. B., Ivanov, V. A., Obydennov, M. F. 1985. In Kosarev, M. F. (ed.). Bronzovyi vek Iuzhnogo Priural’ia (Bronze Age of Southern Cis-Urals). Ufa: Bashkirian State Pedagogical Institute, 21–40 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2013. In Akhatov, A. T. (ed.). Etnosy i kultury Uralo-Povolzhia: istoriia i sovremennost’ (Ethnis Groups and Cultures of the Ural-Volga Region: History and Modernity). Ufa: Institute of Ethnological Studies of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 52–60 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2014. In Sitdikov, A.G. (ed.). Mezhdunarodnaia polevaia shkola v Bolgare. (International Field School in Bolgar). Kazan; Bolgar: Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 26–33 (in Russian).

Vorob’eva, S.L. 2017. In Vestnik Surgutskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta (Bulletin of Surgut State Pedagogical University) 49 (4), 101–113 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2018а. In Malyshev, А. A. (ed.). Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya «Novoe v issledovaniyakh rannego zheleznogo veka Evrazii: problemy, otkrytiya, metodiki»: tezisy dokladov ("Recent in studies of the Early Iron Age in Eurasia: issues, discoveries, methods": abstracts). Moscow: “MAKS Press” Publ., 40–41 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2018б. In Kamaleev, E. V. (ed.). Etnosy i kultury Uralo-Povolzhia istoriia i sovremennost’ (Ethnic Groups and Cultures of the Ural-Volga Region: History and Modernity). Ufa: Institute of Ethnological Studies of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34–38 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2021. In Sitdikov, A. G., Chizhesky, A. A. (eds.). Rannii zheleznyi vek (Early Iron Age). Series: Arkheologiia Volgo-Uralia (Archaeology of the Volga-Urals) Vol. 3. Kazan: Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 288–312 (in Russian).

Vorobyeva, S. L. 2022. In Maslyuzhenko, D.N.. (ed.). XXII Ural'skoe arkheologicheskoe soveshchanie (22nd Urals Archaeological Congress)). Kurgan: Kurgan State University, 167–170 (in Russian).

Ivanov, V.A. 1976. Nauchnyy otchet 1975 g. (1975 scientific report). Ufa. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fund 1, R-1, no. 1643 (in Russian).

Kayumov, I. Kh. 2011. Nauchnyy otchet o rezul'tatakh inventarizatsii pamyatnikov arkheologii v Gafuriyskom rayone Respubliki Bashkortostan v 2011 g. V 2 tomakh. (Scientific report on the results of the inventory of archaeological sites in the Gafuriyskiy district of Bashkortostan in 2011. In 2 volumes). Vol. 1–2. Ufa. Archive of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Ovsyannikov, V. V. 2009а. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh razvedkakh v Gafuriyskom i Arkhangel'skom rayonakh Respubliki Bashkortostan v 2008 g. (Report on archaeological reconnaissances in the Gafuriyskiy and Arkhangelskoye districts of Bashkortostan in 2008). Ufa. Archive of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Ovsyannikov, V.V. 2009b. In Kul’sharipov, M. M. (ed.-in-chief). Istoriia bashkirskogo naroda: v 7 tomakh (History of the Bashkir People in 7 Volumes) Vol. 1. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 223–245 (in Russian).

Pshenichniuk, A. Kh. 1968. In Kuzeev, R. G. (ed.). Arkheologiia i etnografiia Bashkirii (Archaeology and Ethnography of Bashkiria) III. Ufa: Bashkirian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 93–100 (in Russian).

Pshenichniuk, A. Kh. 1973. In Bikbulatov, N. V., Kuzeev, R. G., Mazhitov, N. A. (eds.). Arkheologiia i etnografiia Bashkirii (Archaeology and Ethnography of Bashkiria) Vol. V. Ufa: Bashkirian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 162–243 (in Russian).

Pshenichnyuk, A. Kh. 1979. Nauchnyy otchet o raskopkakh poseleniy v Gafuriyskom rayone i razvedkakh po trasse stroitel'stva zheleznoy dorogi Novo-Muraptalovo – Orenburg (Scientific report on the excavation of settlements in the Gafuriyskiy district and reconnaissances along the route of the Novo-Muraptalovo – Orenburg railway construction). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2a. Dossier 36 (in Russian).

Pshenichnyuk, A. Kh. 1980. Nauchnyy otchet o raskopkakh poseleniy v Gafuriyskom rayone BASSR i razvedkakh po trasse stroitel'stva zheleznoy dorogi Novo-Muraptalovo-Orenburg za 1980 g. (Scientific report on the excavations of settlements in the Gafuriyskiy district of BASSR and reconnaissances along the route of the Novo-Muraptalovo – Orenburg railway construction in 1980). Ufa. Archive of the Educational archaeological laboratory of the Ufa University of Science and Technology. Fund 6. Dossier 21 (in Russian).

Pshenichnyuk, A. Kh. 1983. In Pshenichnyuk, A. Kh., Ivanov, V. A. (eds.). Poseleniia i zhilishcha drevnikh plemen Iuzhnogo Urala (Settlements and Dwellings of the Ancient Tribes of the Southern Ural). Ufa: Bashkirian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 77–103 (in Russian).

Talitskaya, I. A. 1952. Materialy k arkheologicheskoy karte basseyna r. Kama (po dannym, sobrannym M.V. Talitskim (Materials for the archaeological map of the Kama River basin (according to the data collected by M.V. Talitsky)). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii Urala i Priural’ia (Materials and Research on the Archaeology of Ural and the Cis-Urals Area) Vol. IV. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 27. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR

(in Russian).

Troitskaya, T. N. 1954а. Al`bomy` zarisovok materialov arxeologicheskix e`kspedicij za 1953-1954 godov (Sketchbooks of materials of archaeological expeditions 1953–1954). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2. Dossier 288 (in Russian).

Troitskaya, T. N. 1954б. Al'bomy zarisovok materialov arkheologicheskikh ekspeditsiy za 1953–1954 gg (Sketchbooks of materials of archaeological expeditions for 1953–1954). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2. Dossier 289 (in Russian).

Troitskaya, T. N. 1959. In Smirnov, A. P., Kuzeev, R. G. (eds.). Bashkirskiy arkheologicheskiy sbornik (Bashkir Archaeological Collection of Papers). Ufa. 88–96 (in Russian).

Shokurov, A. P. 1954. Otchet ob arkheologicheskoy razvedke letom 1954 g. v Gafuriyskom rayone BASSR (Report on archaeological reconnaissance in 1954 summer in the Gafuriyskiy district BASSR). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2. Dossier 295, 296 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G. V. 1953. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh razvedkakh, provedennykh 2-9 sentyabrya 1953 g. v Gafuriyskom rayone BASSR (Report on archaeological reconnaissance conducted on September 2-9, 1953 in the Gafuriyskiy district BASSR). Ufa. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 1. R-1, dossier 1107 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G. V. 1954. Otchet ob issledovanii arkheologicheskogo pamyatnika Kurman-Tau v Gafuriyskom r-ne BASSR za 1954 g. (Report on the study of the archaeological sites of Kurman-Tau in the Gafuriyskiy district BASSR for 1954). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2. Dossier 297 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G. V. 1955. Otchet Gafuriyskogo otryada bashkirskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii AN SSSR (Report of the Gafuriyskiy detachment of the Bashkir Archaeological Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Ufa. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 1. R-1, dossier 1246 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G. V. 1956а. Drevneyshie poseleniya Gafuriyskogo rayona. Nauchnyy otchet ob arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii v Gafuriyskiy rayon (The most ancient settlements of the Gafuriyskiy district. Scientific report on the archaeological expedition to the Gafury district). Ufa. Scientific Archive of Ufa Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 3. Inv. 2. Dossier 355 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G.V. 1956б. In Udal’tsov, A. D. (ed.). Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta istorii material’noi kul’tury (Brief Communications of the Institute for the History of Material Culture) 64. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 85–92 (in Russian).

Yusupov, G. V. 1959. In Smirnov, A. P., Kuzeev, R. G. (eds.). Bashkirskiy arkheologicheskiy sbornik (Bashkir Archaeological Collection of Papers). Ufa, 58–87 (in Russian).

Загрузки

Опубликован

2023-06-30

Как цитировать

Воробьева , С. Л. (2023). Хозяйство носителей кара-абызской культуры по материалам работ археологических экспедиций Национального музея Республики Башкортостан на памятниках у горы Курман-Тау. Археология Евразийских степей, (3), 171–197. https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.3.171.197

Выпуск

Раздел

Исследования и публикации