Зубы оленя как особый вид украшений в погребальных комплексах неолита – энеолита Восточно-Европейской степи-лесостепи
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.4.221.232Ключевые слова:
археология, Восточная Европа, неолит, энеолит, могильник, погребение, клад, обряд, украшение, зуб оленя, охота.Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются зубы оленя (благородного) и их реплики со сквозными отверстиями, по наличию которых эти изделия можно отнести к категории украшений в погребальных комплексах и кладах. Географически привлекаемые источники охватывают территории от Днепро-Днестровского междуречья до Поволжья в рамках стеной и лесостепной зон и Предкавказья, хронологический интервал включает в себя эпохи неолита и энеолита (VI–IV тыс. до н.э.). Появляясь исключительно как «охотничий» элемент украшения погребального костюма в могилах неолитической эпохи, в энеолите такие находки стали сопровождать индивидов с престижными наборами погребального инвентаря, подчеркивая особый социальный статус их владельца. Наличие обработанных зубов оленя и их реплик в кладах с территории земледельческого ареала к западу от Днепра также указывает на особую роль этих изделий. Прослеживается тенденция распространения костяных реплик – копий украшений из оригинальных зубов оленя в энеолите, что можно связать как с развитием производящего хозяйства и ослаблением роли охоты и последовавшей определенной нехваткой сырья, так и со сменой ценностных ориентиров, реализовавшихся в погребальной практике. В эпоху бронзы данная категория изделий практически полностью исчезает на всей рассматриваемой территории.
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