К вопросу изучения истории ирригации на территории Средней Азии в эпоху бронзы
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.6.271.282Ключевые слова:
археология, ирригация, бронза, раннее земледелие, климат, река, Шерабад, Саполли, овраг, Лиман, сельскохозяйственные районы, Анов, Сурхандарья.Аннотация
По мнению исследователей, основой хозяйства Средней Азии в древности считается ирригационное земледелие. Следует отметить, что впервые земледелие, основанное на искусственном орошении, появляется на современной территории Южного Туркменистана предположительно, в IV–III тыс. до н. э., а затем, в III–II тыс. до н. э. распространяется и на юге Узбекистана. Это способствовало формированию первых государственных образований в Средней Азии, преимущественно располагавшихся по берегам рек: Амударьи (верхней, нижней, средней), в оазисах Мургаб, Сурхан. Это связано с тем, что на данных территориях искусственное орошение намного благоприятнее. Такая ситуация прослеживается и на примере первых мировых цивилизаций – Египта (р. Нил) и Месопотамии (р. Тигр и р. Фрот). Именно изучение ирригационной истории этих территорий помогает выявить факторы, которые привели к социально-экономическим изменениям в обществе и, как следствие, к государственности. В статье рассматриваются не только исследования, посвященные возникновению и развитию ирригационной системы в Средней Азии, но и источников воды, наиболее важных для жизни человека, а именно истории больших и малых рек и ручьев.
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