ИСТОРИКО-ТОПОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР КАРАВАН-САРАЕВ ПЛАТО УСТЮРТ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2024.2.340.363Ключевые слова:
археологические памятники, средневековье, плато Устюрт, караван-сарайАннотация
Статья посвящена караван-сараям, расположенным на плато Устюрт. В период государства Улуг Улуса (Золотоя Орда) приоритетным караванным сообщением становится дорога через плато Устюрт, обустроенная грандиозными, хорошо укрепленными гостиными дворами – караван-сараями. Торговые караваны из Ургенча попадали в город Сарайчик на реке Жайык (Урал), и далее направлялись в столицу Золотой Орды, город Сарай-Бату на Волге. Укрепленные «гостиницы» – караван-сараи – были привязаны к колодцам или искусственно созданным хранилищам – водонакопителям сезонных осадков, располагавшимся на расстоянии одного или двух дней перехода каравана. Главная постройка в виде небольшой крепости служила гостиницей для купцов и состоятельных путешественников. Здесь имелись небольшие комнаты, кухня, столовая, возможно, баня, а также складские помещения для хранения перевозимых товаров. Караван-сараи выполняли и роль почтовых станций, где гонцы могли поменять лошадей. Небольшой военизированный отряд, расквартированный поблизости, был призван охранять и контролировать торговую трассу на этом участке. Вблизи караван-сараев возникали небольшие селения для обслуживающего караваны персонала – погонщиков, охранников, мигрирующего населения. На
сегодня, на плато Устюрт известно 10 караван-сараев – Учкудук, Ажикелди, Белеули, Косбулак и Чурук, Кусшы ата, Коптам (Белдеули) и у родника Коскудук (Есетбулак), также в направлении Каспийского моря расположены Уали и Маната. Караван-сараи вытянуты по прямой с юго-востока на северо-запад. Между крайними обследованными памятниками расстояние составляет около 270 км.
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