Конь в культуре раннесредневекового населения Приморья
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2024.3.358.372Ключевые слова:
археология, Приморье, средневековье, мохэ, Бохай (698-926), Цзинь (1115-1234), Восточное Ся (1215-1233), хозяйство, искусствоАннотация
В работе на основании широкого круга археологических данных (костных остатков, артефактов, изобразительных источников) рассматриваются роль и значение лошади в материальной и духовной культуре средневекового населения Приморья. Авторы приходят к выводу, что, сформировавшееся на основе летописных данных мнение о существенной доле коневодства в системе жизнеобеспечения носителей мохэской культуры в Приморском крае в период VI–VII вв. не находит на сегодняшний день археологического подтверждения. В хозяйственной жизни бохайского населения лошадь играла важную роль, прежде всего, выполняя функции тяглового и транспортного животного, являясь предметом меновой торговли и дани, основой бохайского войска. Это отражено в значительном количестве прямых и косвенных данных, и соотносится с письменными источниками. Но столь значимое место в быту и хозяйстве, которое занимала лошадь, не находит широкого отражения в декоративном и изобразительном искусстве бохайцев, в погребальном обряде, в представлениях и верованиях, не связанных с официальной религиозной доктриной. Несмотря на объективные сложности со сбором археозоологических коллекций на памятниках Восточного Ся и незначительного пока количества их специального изучения, косвенные данные свидетельствуют о широком использовании лошади в быту и военном деле чжурчжэней. Культура их испытала существенное влияние кочевого мира, государственность сложилась довольно поздно. Вероятно, поэтому образ всадника, появившийся в регионе на рубеже 7-8 вв., в искусстве чжурчжэней Приморья нач. 13 в. получил свое развитие, а изображения коня украшают отдельные предметы быта и элементы поясной гарнитуры.
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