Social and Cultural Dynamics in the Neolithic of Baikal-Yenisey Siberia: problems, hypotheses and facts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.4.174.191Keywords:
archaeology, Baikal-Yenisey Siberia; Neolithic; hunter-gatherers; burial traditions; pottery; radiocarbon dating; social and cultural dynamics.Abstract
An assessment was made of the possibilities of using burial complexes to study social and cultural dynamics in the Neolithic of Baikal-Yenisey Siberia (~8.6–5 ka cal BP). The cultural-chronological scheme developed for the Middle Holocene of the Cis-Baikal as a result of the implementation of the Baikal Archaeological Project (BAP) is analyzed. It is concluded that the selective geographical coverage and insufficient attention to the materials of the campsites limited the possibilities of interpreting the BAP results and led to the creation of not quite correct periodization and the artificial phenomenon of hiatus, characterized by the absence of formal burials in the Middle Neolithic. The evolutionist approach of the BAP determined the nature of the concept, which implies a predominantly endogenous development of the Cis-Baikal cultures and does not take into account external factors. Based upon the correlation data of materials from burials and campsites of Baikal-Yenisey Siberia (which in the Neolithic was a single cultural area), the authors propose an alternative view of the dynamics of societies and cultures of local hunter-gatherers. According to it, there are four events that led to significant changes and three transitions, during which one or another cultural pattern was formed, have been identified. At the same time, the authors call for abandoning the use of the concept of “Late Mesolithic” for the beginning of Middle Holocene and propose to combine it with the Early Neolithic and we also make our proposals for filling the Middle Neolithic hiatus.
References
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Lokhov, D. N., Rogovskoi, E. O., Dudarek, S. P. 2013. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) 1 (2), 116–132 (in Russian).
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Savel'ev, N. A., Ulanov, I. V. 2018. Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (26), 46–85. DOI:10.26516/2227-2380.2018.26.46 (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A., Ulanov, I. V. 2019. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (29), 38–72. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2019.29.38 (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A., Dudarek, S. P., Timoshchenko, A. A., Lokhov, D. N. 2020. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (34), 3–37. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2020.34.3 (in Russian).
Medvedev, G. I., Savel'ev, N. A, Svinin V. V. (еds.) 1990. Stratigrafiya, paleogeografiya i arkheologiya yuga Srednei Sibiri (Stratigraphy, paleogeography and archaeology of the south of Central Siberia). Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University (in Russian).
Ulanov, I. V. 2022. Drevnee goncharstvo yuga Baykalo-Eniseyskoy Sibiri: kul'turnye i tekhnologicheskie traditsii (Ancient pottery in the south of Baikal-Yenisey Siberia: cultural and technological traditions) Vol. II. Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Irkutsk (in Russian).
Yanshina, O. V. 2021. Perekhod ot paleolita k neolitu v Kitae (Transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic in China). Saint Petersburg: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Moussa, N. 2015. In Maternal and paternal polymorphisms in prehistoric Siberian populations of Lake Baikal. PhD. dissertation. Edmonton (in English).
Tarasov, P. E., Bezrukova, E. V., Müller, S., Kostrova, S. S., White, D. 2017. In Losey, R. J., Nomokonova, T. (еds.). Holocene Zooarchaeology of Cis-Baikal. Mainz (DE): Nünnerich–Asmus Verlag & Media GmbH, 15–26 (in English).
Weber, A. W. 2020. In Archaeological Research in Asia 24, 100222 (in English).
Weber, A. W., Link, D. W., Katzenberg, M. A. 2002. In Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (21), 230–299 (in English).
Weber, A. W., Beukens, R. R., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I., Saveliev, N. A. 2006. In Radiocarbon. Vol. 48, no 1, 127–166 (in English).
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Weber, A. W., Schulting, R. J., Ramsey, C. B., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I., Berdnikova, N. E. 2016. In Quaternary International 419, 74–98. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.003 (in English).
Weber, A., Bronk Ramsey, C., Schulting, R. J., BazaliAlekseev, A. N., D'yakonov, V. M. 2009. In Arkheologiia, etnografiia i antropologiia Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia) 39 (3), 26–40 (in Russian).
Bazaliiskii, V. I. 2012. In Kharinskiy, A. V. (ed.). Izvestiya laboratorii drevnikh tekhnologii (Reports of the Laboratory of Ancient Technologies) 9. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Technological University Publ., 43–101 (in Russian).
Bazaliiskii, V. I., Livers, A. R., Khaverkort, K. M., Pezhemskii, D. V., Tyutrin, A. A., Turkin, G. V., Veber, A. V. 2006 In Kharinskiy, A. V. (ed.). Izvestiya laboratorii drevnikh tekhnologii (Reports of the Laboratory of Ancient Technologies) 4. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Technological University Publ., 80–103 (in Russian).
Bazaliiskii, V. I., Teten'kin, A. V., Kharinskii, A. V. 2016. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Istoriia (History) 16, 8–27 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M. 2010. In Medvedev, G. I. (ed.) Evraziiskoe kul'turnoe prostranstvo. Arkheologiia, etnologiia, antropologiia (Eurasian Cultural Space. Archaeology, Ethnology, Anthropology). Irkutsk: “Ottisk” Publ., 123–127 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M. 2018. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (26), 3–45. DOI:10.26516/2227-2380.2018.26.3 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Ulanov, I. V., Sokolova, N. B. 2017а. In Stratum plus (2), 275–300 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Rogovskoi, E. O., Lokhov, D. N., Kuznetsov, A. M., Kogai, S. A., Lipnina, E. A., Berdnikova, N. E., Savel'ev, N. A., Sokolova, N. B., Ulanov, I. V. 2017b. In Evraziia v Kainozoe. Stratigrafiia, paleoekologiia, kul’tury (Eurasia in the Cenozoic. Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, Cultures) 6, 220–230 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Goryunova, O. I. 2022. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (40), 3–11. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2022.40.3 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Krutikova, K. A., Dudarek, S. P., Berdnikova, N. E., Sokolova, N. B. 2020. In Bychkov, I. V., Kazakov, A. L. (eds.) Aktual'nye problemy nauki Pribaykal'ya (Topical issues of the science of Baikal region). Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University, 15–20 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Goryunova, O. I., Novikov, A. G., Berdnikova, N. E., Ulanov, I. V., Sokolova, N. B., Abrashina, M. E., Krutikova, K. A., Rogovskoi, E. O., Lokhov, D. N., Kogai, S. A. 2020. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (33), 23–53. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2020.33.23 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Krutikova, K. A., Dudarek, S. P., Berdnikova, N. E., Sokolova, N. B. 2021. In Severnye Arkhivy i Ekspeditsii (Northen Archives and Expeditions) 1, 33–55 (in Russian).
Berdnikov, I. M., Makarov, N. P., Savenkova, T. M., Berdnikova, N. E., Sokolova, N. B., Kim, A. M., Raikh, D. 2023. In Arkheologiia, etnografiia i antropologiia Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia) 51 (1), 42–51 (in Russian).
Berdnikova, N. E. 2013. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) 1 (2), 156–173 (in Russian).
Georgievskaya, G. M. 1989. Kitoyskaya kul'tura Pribaykal'ya (Kitoi culture of the Cis-Baikal). Novosibirsk: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Gerasimov, M. M. 1955. Vosstanovlenie litsa po cherepu: (sovremennyi i iskopaemyi chelovek) (Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Modern and Fossil Human). Series: Trudy Instituta etnografii im. N.N. Miklukho-Maklaya. Novaya seriya (Proceedings of the N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnography, new series) 28. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).
German, P. V., Leont'ev, S. N. 2012. In Evraziia v Kainozoe. Stratigrafiia, paleoekologiia, kul’tury (Eurasia in the Cenozoic. Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, Cultures) 1, 78–85 (in Russian).
Goryunova, O. I. 1984. Mnogosloynye pamyatniki Malogo morya i o. Ol'khon (Multilayered sites of the Maloe More and Olkhon Island). Thesis of Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Novosibirsk (in Russian).
Dzyubas, S. A., Abdulov, T. A., Drulis, M. V. 1996. In Medvedev, G. I. (ed.-in-chief). Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Baikal'skoi Sibiri: izuchenie, okhrana i ispol'zovanie (Archaeological heritage of Baikal Siberia: study, protection and use) 1. Irkutsk: Center for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage, 47–56 (in Russian).
Dolganov, V. A., Goryunova, O. I., Novikov, A. G., Veber, A. V. 2011. In Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriia, filologiya (Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University: History, Philology) 10 (3), 84–91 (in Russian).
Lokhov, D. N., Rogovskoi, E. O., Dudarek, S. P. 2013. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) 1 (2), 116–132 (in Russian).
Marchenko, Zh. B., Grishin, A. E., Garkushin, Yu. N., Kerbs, E. A. 2022. In Arkheologiia, etnografiia i antropologiia Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia) 50 (3), 16–28 (in Russian).
Okladnikov, A. P. 1949. In Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta istorii material’noi kul’tury (Brief Communications of the Institute for the History of Material Culture) 25. Moscow; Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 7–13 (in Russian).
Okladnikov, A. P. 1950. Neolit i bronzovyy vek Pribaykal'ya: Istoriko-arkheologicheskoe issledovanie (Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal Region: Historical and Archaeological Research). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii (Materials and Studies in the Archaeology) 18. Moscow-Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A. 1989. Neolit yuga Sredney Sibiri: (istoriya osnovnykh idey i sovremennoe sostoyanie problemy) (Neolithic of the south of Central Siberia (the history of the main ideas and the current state of the problem). Thesis of Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Novosibirsk (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A., Ulanov, I. V. 2018. Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (26), 46–85. DOI:10.26516/2227-2380.2018.26.46 (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A., Ulanov, I. V. 2019. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (29), 38–72. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2019.29.38 (in Russian).
Savel'ev, N. A., Dudarek, S. P., Timoshchenko, A. A., Lokhov, D. N. 2020. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (34), 3–37. DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2020.34.3 (in Russian).
Medvedev, G. I., Savel'ev, N. A, Svinin V. V. (еds.) 1990. Stratigrafiya, paleogeografiya i arkheologiya yuga Srednei Sibiri (Stratigraphy, paleogeography and archaeology of the south of Central Siberia). Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University (in Russian).
Ulanov, I. V. 2022. Drevnee goncharstvo yuga Baykalo-Eniseyskoy Sibiri: kul'turnye i tekhnologicheskie traditsii (Ancient pottery in the south of Baikal-Yenisey Siberia: cultural and technological traditions) Vol. II. Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Irkutsk (in Russian).
Yanshina, O. V. 2021. Perekhod ot paleolita k neolitu v Kitae (Transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic in China). Saint Petersburg: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Moussa, N. 2015. In Maternal and paternal polymorphisms in prehistoric Siberian populations of Lake Baikal. PhD. dissertation. Edmonton (in English).
Tarasov, P. E., Bezrukova, E. V., Müller, S., Kostrova, S. S., White, D. 2017. In Losey, R. J., Nomokonova, T. (еds.). Holocene Zooarchaeology of Cis-Baikal. Mainz (DE): Nünnerich–Asmus Verlag & Media GmbH, 15–26 (in English).
Weber, A. W. 2020. In Archaeological Research in Asia 24, 100222 (in English).
Weber, A. W., Link, D. W., Katzenberg, M. A. 2002. In Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (21), 230–299 (in English).
Weber, A. W., Beukens, R. R., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I., Saveliev, N. A. 2006. In Radiocarbon. Vol. 48, no 1, 127–166 (in English).
Weber, A. W., McKenzie, H. G., Beukens, R. 2010. In Weber, A. W., Katzenberg, M. A., Schurr, T. G. (еds.). Prehistoric Hunter–Gatherers of the Baikal Region, Siberia: Bioarchaeological Studies of Past Lifeways. Schurr. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 27–49 (in English).
Weber, A. W., Schulting, R. J., Ramsey, C. B., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I., Berdnikova, N. E. 2016. In Quaternary International 419, 74–98. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.003 (in English).
Weber, A., Bronk Ramsey, C., Schulting, R. J., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I. 2021. In Archaeological Research in Asia 25. Art. n. 100234. DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2020.100234 (in English).
iskii, V. I., Goriunova, O. I. 2021. In Archaeological Research in Asia 25. Art. n. 100234. DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2020.100234 (in English).
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