GUN AND FIRE-STEEL FLINTS, GUN ELEMENTS OF THE 17TH–18TH CENTURIES FROM THE CHERKASSK FORTRESS ON THE LOWER DON
Keywords:
archaeology, 17–18 centuries, Cherkassk fortress, Lower Don, Cossacks, gun and fi re-steel flints, gun lockAbstract
The work contributes to the further investigation of the fl int economy of the modern period in Eastern Europe. To resolve this issue, the materials of the Cherkassk fortress of the 17th–18th centuries on the Lower Don are analyzed. The following items were considered: gun micro-lithic tools - inserts (51 pcs), fi re-steel fl ints (39 pcs), as well as products directly related to fl int economy and fi rearms, i.e. bullets (222 pcs), and 2 fl intlocks. One of the fl intlocks has retained a gun fl int. Gun and fi re-steel fl ints originate from various archaeological sites. The universal dating material of all objects of the cultural layer is coins, primarily the widespread copper coins of a minor value. The deposits of gun and fi re-steel flints in a cultural layer of a fortifi ed settlement coincide with the household waste deposit models. The authors introduce a wear intensity index (Iint) for fl intlock micro-lithic tools - inserts to determine the reduction degree of the objects. The technology of their manufacture and changes in the typological composition of gun fl ints over time are analyzed. The authors come to conclusion that gun fl ints were mainly delivered to the fortress as part of state supplies and produced at specialized workshops in the distribution area of coal-based fl int in the central regions of European Russia. After wearing out, gun fl ints were used for striking fi re with fi re-steels.
References
Avakov, P. A. 2006. In Konevskaya, T. N. (ed.). Izvestiya Rostovskogo oblastnogo muzeya kraevedeniya (Bulleting of the Rostov Regional Museum of Local Lore) 13. Rostov-na-Donu, 178−201 (in Russian).
Avakov, P. A. 2017. In Matishov, G. G. (ed.). Kazachestvo Rossii v buntakh, smutakh i revoljiuciiakh (k stoletiiu sobytii 1917 goda): materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii (g. Rostov-na-Donu, 4–5 oktiabria 2017 g.) (Russian Cossacks in Riots, Unrests and Revolutions (Dedicated to the Centenary of the Events of 1917): Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientifi c Conference (Rostov-on-Don, October 4-5, 2017)). Rostov-na-Donu: Southern Scientifi c Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 318–345 (in Russian).
Burlaka, V. O. 2009. Azov – gorod s tysiacheletnei istoriei (Azov - a City with a Thousand Years of History). Series: Ocherki istorii Azova (Essays on the History of Azov) 12. Azov Historical-Archaeological and Palaeontological Museum-Reserve (in Russian).
Bukhteeva, M. A. 1974. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh na territorii Efremovskogo podvor'ia v 1974 g. (Report on Archaeological Excavations in the Territory of the Efremov Convent in 1974). Moscow (in Russian).
Vitkov, Z. A. 1959. In Istoriko-fi lologicheskii sbornik MGPI (Historical and Philological Collection of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute). Murmansk (in Russian).
Galimova, M. Sh., Sitdikov, A. G., Khabarov, V. V. 2014. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 9 (3), 256–276 (in Russian).
Dvurechenskii, O. V. 2005. In Engovatova, A. V. (ed.). Arkheologiia Podmoskov’ia: Materialy nauchnogo seminara (Archaeology of the Moscow Region: Materials of the Seminar) 2. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 264–295. (in Russian).
Dvurechenskii, O. V. 2005. In Dvurechenskii, O. V. (ed.). Voennaya arkheologiya. (Military Archeology). Moscow: “Kvadriga”Publ., 55−93 (in Russian).
Evglevskii, A. V., Potemkina, T. M. 2000. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.-in-chief). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 1. Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 181−208 (in Russian).
Zorov, Yu. N. 2017. Otchet o provedenii arkheologicheskikh razvedok na territorii g. Taganroga, v Matveevo-Kurganskom, Miasnikovskom, Aksaiskom, Azovskom, Morozovskom, Bogaevskom, Oktiabr'skom, Radionovo-Nesvetajskom, Neklinovskom raionakh Rostovskoi oblasti v 2009 g. (v 10-ti tomakh) (Report on Archaeological Surveying in the Territory of Taganrog, in Matveyevo-Kurgansky, Myasnikovsky, Aksaysky, Azovsky, Morozovsky, Bogaevsky, Oktyabrsky, Radionovo-Nesvetaysky, Neklinovsky Districts of Rostov Oblast in 2009 (in 10 volumes)). Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Kargin, Yu. Yu. 2016. In Choref, M. M. (ed.). Materialy po istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Kryma (Materials on the history of ancient and medieval Crimea) 8. Sevastopol; Tyumen; Nizhnevatorsk, 93−191 (in Russian).
Kolesnik, A. V., Golubeva, I. V. 2010. In Drevnosti (Antiquities). 2010. Kharkiv., 235−252 (in Russian)
Kolesnik, A. V., Yakovets, M. Yu., Klimova, K. I. 2016. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 18 (4), 310−326 (in Russian).
Kolesnik, A. V., Gusach, I. R. 2018. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 26 (4), 98−116 (in Russian).
Kolesnik, A. V., Gusach, I. R. 2019. In Vestnik Donskogo Natsional’nogo Universiteta (Bulletin of Donetsk National University). 2, 42−47 (in Russian).
Korolev, V. N. 2007. Donskie kazach’I gorodki (Don Cossack Towns). Novocherkassk “Donchak” Pubi. (in Russian).
Kuz’min, V. N. 2019. Otchet o provedenii arkheologicheskogo nabliudeniia za zemlianymi rabotami na territorii vyiavlennykh obektov arkheologicheskogo naslediia «Cherkasskii gorodok XVI−XIX vv.», «Kazachii gorodok na Ratnom urochishche XVI-XIX vv.», «Poselenie Ratnoe I» v zone rekonstruktsii razvodiashchikh vodoprovodnykh setei stanitsy Starocherkasskaia v Aksaiskom raione Rostovskoi oblasti v 2015 g. Tom II. Al'bom illiustratsij k Otchetu (Report on the Archaeological Surveying of Earthworks in the Territory of the Identifi ed Archaeological Heritage Sites “Cherkas Town of the 16th-19th cc.”, “Cossack Town on Ratnoe Urochishche of the 16th-19th cc., “Ratnoe I Settlement” in the Reconstruction Area of the Distribution Water Networks of Starocherkasskaya Village in Aksaysky District of Rostov Oblast in 2015. Volume II. Album of Illustrations for the Report.) Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Lisin, N. V., Tkachenko, D. L. 2019. In Vestnik Donskogo Natsional’nogo Universiteta (Bulletin of Donetsk National University). 4, 20−25 (in Russian).
Lunin, B. V. 1939. Staryi gorod (Cherkassk). Kratkii ocherk istoricheskogo proshlogo stanitsy Starocherkasskoi (Stary Gorod (Cherkassk). Brief Outline of the Historical Past of Starocherkasskaya Village). Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Morev, E. I., Yanovich, Ya. D. 1974. In Rybakov, B. A. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1973 goda (Archaeological Discoveries in 1973). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 118−119. (in Russian).
Natsional’naia biblioteka Ukrainy (National Library of Ukraine). F. 1. Dossier 2920 (in Russian).
Pronshtein, A. P., Mininkov, N. A. 1983. Krest'ianskie voiny v Rossii XVII–XVIII vekov i donskoe kazachestvo (Peasant Wars in Russia of the 17th-18th Centuries and the Don Cossacks). Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Rigelman, A. I. 1992. Istoriia o donskikh kazakakh (The Story of the Don Cossacks). Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian)
Rogudeev, V. V. Otchet o provedenii arkheologicheskikh issledovanii v st. Starocherkasskoi Rostovskoi oblasti po ul. Donskaia, 9 i ul. Sovetskaia, 19 v granicakh territorii obekta arkheologicheskogo naslediia «Cherkasskii gorodok XVIXIX vv.» v 2011 g. (Report on Archaeological Studies at Starocherkasskaya Village of Rostov Oblast on Donskaya Str., 9 and Sovetskaya Str., 19 within the Boundaries of the Archaeological Heritage Site “Cherkas Town of the 16th-19th cc.” in 2011) Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Tolochko, I. V. 2017. Otchet o provedenii ohranno-spasatel'nykh rabot (arkheologicheskogo nabliudeniia) na territorii vyiavlennogo obekta arkheologicheskogo naslediia «Cherkasskii gorodok XVI-XIX vv.» v st. Starocherkasskaja Aksaiskogo r-na Rostovskoj obl. v 2017 g. (Report on Security and Rescue Activities (Archaeological Observation) in the Territory of the Identifi ed Archaeological Heritage Site “Cherkas Town of the 16th-19th cc.” in Starocherkasskaya Village in Aksaysky District of Rostov Oblast in 2017). Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Tolochko, I. V., Dmitrienko, M. V. 2018. In Voina i voinskie traditsii v kul'turah narodov iuga Rossii (VII Tokarevskie chteniia)) (War and Military Traditions in the Cultures of the Peoples of Southern Russia (7th Tokarev’s Readings)). Rostov-on-Don: “Al’tair” Publ., 319−332 (in Russian).
Trubnikov, V. V. 2017. Otchet ob arkheologicheskom nabliudenii na territorii vyiavlennogo obekta arkheologicheskogo naslediia «Cherkasskij gorodok XVI-XIX vv.» v st. Starocherkasskoi Aksaiskogo raiona Rostovskoi oblasti v 2014 godu (Report on Archaeological Surveying in the Territory of the Identifi ed Archaeological Heritage Site “Cherkas Town of the 16th-19th cc.” in Starocherkasskaya Village in Aksaysky District of Rostov Oblast in 2014) I. Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Trubnikov, V. V. 2017. Otchet o raskopkah Cherkasskogo gorodka XVI–XIX vv. v Aksaiskom raione Rostovskoi oblasti (Report on the Excavations of the Cherkas Town of the 16th-19th cc. in Aksaysky District of Rostov Oblast). I-VII. Rostov-na-Donu (in Russian).
Trubnikova, V. V. 2018. In Maslovskii, A. N., Samarich, E. N. (eds.). Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniia v Azove i na Nizhnem Donu v 2015–2016 gg. (Historical and Archaeological Studies in Azov and Lower Don in 2015–2016). 30. Azov: Azov Historical-Archaeological and Palaeontological Museum-Reserve Publ., 193−206 (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 A. V. Kolesnik, I. R. Gusach
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
