COLLECTION OF WEAPONS FROM THE SITE NEAR KOMAROVKA IN THE ULYANOVSK REGION: A CASE STUDY OF MELEE WEAPONS OF THE IMEN’KOVO CULTURE POPULATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.6.100.131Keywords:
archaeology, The Migration period, the Middle Volga region, Imen’kovo culture, cremations, melee weapons, Komarovka archaeological site complexAbstract
This is the preliminary publication of the collection of artefacts found in the burial ground near to Komarovka of the Ulyanovsk region. The items came from a cremation burial destroyed by treasure-hunters. A long single-edged blade, a spearhead and a combat knife, as well as elements of horse harness, and garnets, form the set of artefacts. As it is clear from their condition, the grave goods were intentionally damaged in the past as a part of the rite. We date this artefact complex to the middle or to the second half of the 6th c. CE. The fact that the burial includes a blade, as well as some specifi cities of the funeral rite, makes it unique for the Imen’kovo culture. Northern Caucasus and the Danube are the regions where one can fi nd the analogues for the artifacts included in Komarovka burial set. We suggest their introduction to the Middle Volga could be related to cultural interactions of when the Avarian and Turkic Khaganates established. The same processes started the formation of new military equipment of the Imen'kovo population which included melee weapons and plate armor as well, in addition to bow and arrows.
References
Aibabin, A. I. 2003. In Makarova, T. I., Pletneva S. A. (eds.). Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor'e i Zakavkaz'e v jepohu srednevekov'ja IV-XIII veka (Crimea, Northeast Black Sea and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages. 4th - 13th centuries). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 10-26 (in Russian).
Gotie, Yu. V., Yakovlev, A. I. (eds.). 1941. Al'bom drevnostei mordovskogo naroda (Album of Mordovian Antiquities). Saransk: Mordovian Research Institute Publ. (in Russian).
Aksenov, V.S. 1998. In Vіsnik Harkіvs'kogo derzhavnogo unіversitetu, seria: Istoria (The journal of Kharkiv State University, series: History) 413 (30), 39-51 (in Russian).
Aksenov, B. C., Miheev, V. K. 2006. Naselenie khazarskogo kaganata v pamjatnikakh istorii i kul'tury. «Suhogomol'shanskij mogil'nik VIII-X vv.» (Population of Khazar Haganat in historical and cultural monuments. Suhogomolshanskiy burial ground 8th - 10th centuries) Vol.5. Kiev-Kharkiv (in Russian).
Ambroz, A. K. 1980. In Pletneva, S. A. (ed.). Srednevekovie drevnosti evraziiskikh stepei. (Medieval antiquities of the Eurasian steppes). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 3–56 (in Russian).
Ambroz, A. K. 1982. In Ambroz, A. K., Erdeli, I. F. (eds.). Drevnosti epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov V-VIII vekov (Antiquities of the Migration period in 5th - 8th centuries). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 107−120 (in Russian).
Akhmedov, I. R. 2010. In Islanova, I. V., Rodinkova, V. E. (eds.). Arkheologiia Vostochnoi Evropy v I tysiacheletii n.e.: problemy i materialy (Archaeology of the Eastern Europe in the I Millennium AD: Issues and Materials). Series: Ranneslavianskii mir. Arkheologiia slavian i ikh sosedei (Early Slavic World. Archaeology of Slavs and Their Neighbors) 13. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7–34 (in Russian).
Akhmedov, I. R. 2014. In Sitdikov A. G., Makarov N. A., Derevianko A. P. (eds.). Trudy IV (XX) Vserossiiskogo arkheologicheskogo s″ezda v Kazani (Proceedings of the 4th (20th) All-Russia Archaeological Congress in Kazan) II. Kazan: “Otechestvo” Publ., 275−279 (in Russian).
Akhmedov, I. R. 2016. In Arheologiia Vostochnoi Evropy v I tysiacheletii n.e. Problemy i materialy. Ranneslavjanskij mir (Archaeology of Eastern Europe in the 1st millennium AD. Issues and materials. Early Slavs world) (13). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 7−34 (in Russian).
Akhmedov, I. R. 2019. In Lesnaia i lesostepnaia zony Vostochnoi Evropy v epohi rimskih vliianii i Velikogo pereselenija narodov. Konferentsiia 4. Ch. 2 (Forest and Forest Steppe Zones of Eastern Europe in the Roman Era and the Migration period. Conference 4. Part 2). Tula: State Museum-reserve “Kulikovo fi eld”, 23−71 (in Russian).
Baranov, V. S., Bugrov, D. G., Sitdikov, A. G. 2016. Muzei Bolgarskoi tsivilizatsii. Istoriia tyurkobolgarskoi tsivilizatsii (Museum of Bulgarian Civilization. History the Turkic-Bulgarian civilization) 2. Kazan: Glavdizain Publ. (in Russian).
Belorybkin, G. N. 2001. Zolotarevskoe poselenie (Zolotorevka settlement). Saint Petersburg: Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ. (in Russian).
Bogachev, A.V. 1996. In Kul'tury Evraziiskikh stepei vtoroi poloviny I tysiacheletiia n.e (Cultures of the Eurasian steppe of the second half of the 1st millennium AD). Samara, 99−114 (in Russian).
Bogachev, A. V., Vyazov, L. A., Gasilin, V. V., Myshkin, V. N., Seryh, D. V. 2013. In Bogachev, A. V. (ed.). Srednevekov'e. Velikoe pereselenie narodov (po materialam arheologicheskih pamjatnikov Samarskoj oblasti) (The Middle Ages. The Migration period (based on archaeological sites of the Samara region)). Samara, 119−163 (in Russian).
Bugrov, D. G. 2002. In Istoricheskie istoki, opyt vzaimodejstvija i tolerantnosti narodov Priural'ja. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoi konferentsii. K 30-letiiu Kamsko-Viatskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Historical origins, experience of interaction and tolerance of peoples of the Ural. Proceedings of international scientifi c conference. On the 30th anniversary of the Kama-Vyatka archaeological expedition). Izhevsk, 227−233 (in Russian).
Burov, G. M. 1985. In Matveeva, G. I. (ed.). Drevnosti Srednego Povolzh'ia (Antiquities of the Middle Volga region). Kuybyshev: Kuybyshev State University Publ., 111−130 (in Russian).
Valiev, R. R. 2018. In Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes). (1), 211–226 (in Russian).
Valiev, R. R. 2019. In Kochevye imperii Evrazii v svete arheologicheskih i mezhdisciplinarnyh issledovanij. IV Mezhdunarodnyj congress srednevekovoj arkheologii evraziiskikh stepei, posvjashhennyj 100-letiiu rossijskoj akademicheskoj arheologii (The nomadic empires of Eurasia in the light of archaeological and interdisciplinary studies. 4th International Congress of Medieval Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Russian academic archaeology) 1. Ulan-Ude: Buryatia Scientifi c Center of the
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 109–116 (in Russian). Vasyutkin, S.M., Ostanina, T.I. 1986. In Voprosy istorii i kul'tury Udmurtii (History and culture of Udmurtia). Ustinov: “Udmurtiia” Publ., 64-125 (in Russian).
Vvedenskii, V. I., Vyazov, L. A., Karavashkina, E. A. Makarova, E. M., Panin, A. V., Petrova, D. A. Ponomarenko, D. S., Kharchenko, V. L. 2018. In Lopatin, N. V. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia. 2016 god(Archaeological discoveries in 2016). Moscow: Institute of archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 297−299 (in Russian).
Vinogradov, S. I. 2017. Vooruzhenie i voennoe delo naselenija Dono-Doneckoj lesostepi vo vtoroj polovine VIII – nachale X vv. (saltovo-majackaja kul'tura) (Armament and military affairs of the population of Dono-Donetsk Forest Steppe in the second half of 8th - beginning of 10th centuries. (Saltovo-Mayak culture)). PhD. thesis. Voronezh. (in Russian).
Vikhlyaev, V. I. 1974. In Materialy po arkheologii i etnografi i Mordovii (Analyses and studies on archaeology and ethnography of Mordovia) (45), 57−69 (in Russian).
Vyazov, L. A. 2012. In Valiulina, S. I. (ed.). Aktual’nye voprosy arkheologii Povolzh’ia. K 65-letiiu studencheskogo arkheologicheskogo kruzhka Kazanskogo universiteta (Current Issues of the Volga Region Archaeology: 65th Anniversary of the Students’ Archaeological Group in the Kazan University). Kazan: “IaZ” Publ, 43–53 (in Russian).
Vyazov, L. A., Petrova, D. A. 2013. In Kul'tury stepei Evrazii vtoroj poloviny I tysjacheletija n.e.: Materialy k V Mezhdunarodnoj arheologicheskoj konferencii. Samarskij oblastnoj istoriko-kraevedcheskij muzej im. P.V. Alabina (Cultures of the steppes of Eurasia of the second half of the 1st millennium AD: Proceedings for the 5th International Archaeological Conference. ). Samara: Samara Regional Historical and Local History Museum of P.V. Alabin, 15-20 (in Russian).
Vyazov, L. A., Grishakov, V. V., Myasnikov, N. S. 2016. In Voiadzher: mir i chelovek: teoreticheskij i nauchno-metodicheskij zhurnal (Voyager: World and man: a theoretical and methodical journal) (6), 66−111 (in Russian).
Vyazov, L.A., Semykin, Yu.A. 2016. Gorodishhe i selishhe Novaja Beden'ga: epoha Velikogo pereselenija narodov v Ul'janovskom Predvolzh'e (Arheologija Simbirskogo-Ul'janovskogo Povolzh'ja. Vyp. 1) (Novaya Bedenga hillfort and settlement: the Migration period in the Ulyanovsk region (Archaeology of the Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk Volga Region, Vol.1)). Ulyanovsk, (in Russian).
Gavrituhin, I.O., Ivanov, A.G. 1999. In Permskii mir v rannem srednevekov'e (World of P ermian peoples in the Early Middle ages). Izhevsk, 99−159 (in Russian).
Galimova, M. Sh., Lyganov, A. V., Khisyametdinova, A. A., Gol'eva, A. A., Bugrov, D. G., Askeev, I. V., Shaimuratova (Galimova), D. N., Askeev, O. V., Hejno, M. T., Askeev, A. O., van der Valk, T., Pechnerova, P., Dalen, L., Aspi, J. 2019. In Arheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) (4), (in Russian).
Gening, V. F., Kazakov, E. P., Khlebnikova, T.A., Vajner I. S., Valeev, R. K., Stoyanov, V. E. 1962.
Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki u sela Rozhdestveno (Archaeological sites near Rozdestveno village). Kazan: Kazan University Publ. (in Russian).
Gening, V. F. 1977. In Issledovaniia po arheologii Juzhnogo Urala (Archaeology of the Southern Ural). Ufa: Bashkir Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 92−107 (in Russian).
Goldina, R. D., Bernts, V. A. 2010. Turaevskii I mogil’nik – unikal’nyi pamiatnik epokhi velikogo pereseleniia narodov v Srednem Prikam’e (beskurgannaia chast’) (Turaevo I Burial Ground, the Unique Site of the Great Migrations in the Middle Kama Area (the Part without Kurgans). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia Kamsko-Viatskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings and Research of the Kama-Vyatka Archaeological Expedition) 17. Izhevsk: Udmurt State University (in Russian).
Goldina, R. D., Perevozchikova, S. A., Goldina, E. V. 2018. Mogil'nik VI-IX vv. u d. Verh-Saja v Kungurskoj lesostepi (Materialy i issledovanija Kamsko-Vjatskoj arheologicheskoj jekspedicii. T. 19) (Verkh-Saya burial ground of the 6th-9th centuries in Kungur forest-steppe (Analyses and studies of the Kama-Vyatka archaeological expedition. Vol.19)). Izhevsk: Udmurt State University Publ. (in Russian).
Goldina, R. D., Sabirov, T. R., Sabirova, T. M. 2015. Pogrebal'nyi obriad Tarasovskogo mogil'nika I-V vv. na Srednei Kame. (Burial rite of the Tarasovo burial ground of the 1st-5th centuries in the Middle Kama region). 3. Kazan, Izhevsk. (in Russian).
Goldina, R. D., Sabirov, T. R., Sabirova, T. M. 2015. Pogrebal’nyi obriad Tarasovskogo mogil’nika I–V vv. na Srednei Kame (Funerary Rite in the Tarasovo Burial Ground from 1st–5th Centuries in the Middle Kama Area) III. Series: Materialy i issledovaniia Kamsko-Viatskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings and Research of the Kama-Vyatka Archaeological Expedition) 29. Kazan: Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences; Izhevsk: Udmurt State University (in Russian).
Golubev, A. M. 2015. In Arkheologіia (Archaeology) (4), 62−76 (in Ukrainian).
Gorbunov, V. V. 2006. Voennoe delo naselenija Altaja v III-XIV vv. Ch. II: Nastupatel'noe vooruzhenie (oruzhie) (The military affairs of the population of Altai in the 3rd-14th centuries. Vol. 2. Offensive weapons).Barnaul: Altai University Publ. (in Russian).
Grishakov, V. V., Zelenev, Yu. A. 1990. Muroma VII-XI vv.: Uchebnoe posobie (Muroma in the 7th-9th centuries: Handbook). Yoshkar-Ola. (in Russian).
Grishakov, V. V., Sedyshev, O. V. 2013. In Povolzhskaia arkheologiia (Volga River Region Archaeology) 4 (6), 107−117 (in Russian).
Dmitriev, A. V. 1982. In Ambroz, A. K., Erdeli, I. F. (eds.). Drevnosti epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov V-VIII vekov (Antiquities of the Migration period in 5th - 8th centuries). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 69−106 (in Russian).
Dmitriev, A. V. 2003. In Makarova, T. I., Pletneva S. A. (eds.). Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor'e i Zakavkaz'e v jepohu srednevekov'ja IV-XIII veka (Crimea, Northeast Black Sea and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages. 4th - 13th centuries). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 200−206 (in Russian).
Efi menko, P. P. 1975. In Materialy po arheologii i jetnografi i Mordovii (Analyses and studies on archaeology and ethnography of Mordovia) (48), 7−36 (in Russian).
Izmailov, I. L. 1990. In Voennoe delo drevnego i srednevekovogo naselenija Severnoi i Central'nou Azii (Military Affairs of the Ancient and Medieval Peoples of North and Central Asia). Novosibirsk, 61−70 (in Russian).
Izmailov, I. L. 1993. In Khuzin, F. Sh. (ed.). Arkheologiia Volzhskoi Bulgarii: problemy, poiski, resheniia (Archaeology of the Volga Bulgaria: Issues, Research, Answers). Kazan: Institute of Language, Literature and History named after G. Ibragimov, Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 77−106 (in Russian).
Kazakov, E. P. 1993. Issledovaniia Rannebolgarskoi ekspeditsii v zonalk vodokhranilishch Volgo-Kamskogo kaskada Tatarstana (The Early Bulgarian Expedition surveys in the area of reservoirs of the Volga and Kama rivers in Tatarstan). Kazan. Archives of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F.1. R.1. No 17427 (in Russian).
Kazakov, E. P. 1997. In Kul'tury Evraziiskikh stepei vtorok poloviny I tysiacheletiia n.e. (voprosy khronologii). Materialy II mezhdunarodnoj arheologicheskoj konferencii (Cultures of the Eurasian steppes of the second half of the 1st millennium CE (chronological issues). Proceedings of the 2nd International Archaeological Conference). Samara, 97−150 (in Russian).
Kazakov, E. P., 2011. In Finno-Ugrica (12-13), 8−39 (in Russian).
Kazanskii, M. M., Mastykova, A. V. 2010. In Verhnedonskoi Arkheologicheskii Sbornik (Upper Donian Archaeological digest) (5), 93–104 (in Russian).
Kalinin N. F., Khalikov, A. Kh. 1960. In Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Studies on the USSR Archaeology) 80. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 226–250 (in Russian).
Kochkina, A. F., Stashenkov, D. A. 2018. In Arkheologicheskie otkrytija v Samarskoj oblasti 2017 goda (Archaeological discoveries in the Samara region in 2017). Samara: Samara Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 38–39 (in Russian).
Leshhinskaya, N.A. 2014. Viatskii kraj v p'ianoborskuiu epokhu (po materialam pogrebal'nyh pamjatnikov I–V vv. n.je.) (Vyatsky Krai in the pyanoborsk culture epoch (based on funerary monuments of the 1st - 5th centuries)). Izhevsk: Udmurt State University Publ., (in Russian).
Magomedov, B. V. 2001. Cheriakhovskaia kul'tura. Problema etnosa (Monumenta Studia Gothica. Tom 1) (Chernyahov culture. The issue of ethnicity (Monumenta Studia Gothica. Vol.1)). Lublin: University of Maria Curie-Sklodovskaya Publ., (in Russian).
Malashev, V. Ju., Jablonskij, L. T., 2008. Stepnoe naselenie Juzhnogo Priural'ja v pozdnesarmatskoe vremja: po materialam mogil'nika Pokrovka 10 (The steppe population of the Southern Ural in the late sarmatian period: based on Pokrovka 10 burial ground). Moscow: Oriental Literature Publ., (in Russian).
Mazhitov, N. A. 1968. Bahmutinskaja kul'tura. Jetnicheskaja istoriia naseleniia Severnoi Bashkirii serediny I tysjacheletija nashej jery (Bahmutovo culture. Ethnic history of the population of Northern Bashkiria of the middle of the 1st millennium CE). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., (in Russian).
Mastykova, A. V. 2009. Zhenskii kostium Tsentral'nogo i Zapadnogo Predkavkaz'ia v kontse IV - seredine VI v. n.je (Female costume of the Central and Western Ciscaucasia in the late 4th – mid-6th centuries CE). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Matveev, R.V. 2013. Vooruzhenie naselenija Volgo-Vjatskogo mezhdurech'ja v konce II - IV vv. n.je. (Armament of the population of the Volga and Vyatka interiors at the end 2nd – 4th centuries CE) Ph.D. thesis. Kazan, (in Russian).
Matveeva, G. I. 2003. Srednee Povolzh'e v IV-VII vv. n.e.: imen'kovskaшa kul'tura: Uchebnoe posobie (TheMiddle Volga region in the 4th – 7th centuries CE: Imenkovo culture. Teaching manual). Samara, (in Russian).
Moshkova, M. G. 1989. In Meliukova, A. I. (ed.). Stepi evropeiskoi chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoe vremia (Steppes of the Eurasian Part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian Period). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 153−214 (in Russian).
Nikitina, A. V. 2017. In Vojadzher: mir i chelovek (Voyager: World and man) (8), 59−86 (in Russian).
Oblomsky, A. M. 2004. In Oblomsky, A. M. (ed.). Ostraia Luka Dona v drevnosti. Zamiatinskii arkheologicheskii kompleks gunnskogo vremeni (Ranneslavianskij mir. Vypusk 6) (The Ostraya Luka of the Don river in antiquity. Zamyatino archaeological sites complex of the Huns period. (Early Slavs world)) (6). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 37−56 (in Russian).
Peterburgskii, I. M. 1987. In Voprosy drevnei istorii mordovskogo naroda (Issues of the ancient history of the Mordovian) (80), 50−78 (in Russian).
Pletneva, S. A. 1967. Ot kochevii k gorodam. Saltovo-maiatskaia kul’tura (From Camps to Towns. Saltovo-Mayaki Culture). Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii (Proceedings and Research in Archaeology of the USSR) 142. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Polesskikh, M. R. 1979. In Fedorov-Davydov, G. A. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki mordvy pervogo tysiacheletiia nashei ery (Archaeological sites of the Mordva of the 1st millennium CE). Saransk: Mordovian Book Publishing House, 5-57 (in Russian).
Rudenko, K. A. 2014. In Teoriia i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovanii (Theory and practice of archaeological research) (1), 42−60 (in Russian).
Sedyshev, O. V. 2004. Snariazhenie verhovogo konia u drevnej mordvy v III–XIII vv. (Ancient Mordovian riding horse equipment in the 3rd-13th centuries). Ph.D. thesis. Saransk (in Russian).
Smilenko, A. T., Braichevsky, M. Yu. 1967. In Istoriia i arkheologiia yugo-zapadnykh oblastei SSSR nachala nashei iery. Materialy i issledovanija po arkheologii SSSR (History and archeology of the southwestern regions of the USSR at the beginning of CE. Analyses and studies on archeology of the USSR) 139. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 35-61 (in Russian)
Starostin, P. N. 1988. Issledovanija V Maklasheevskogo mogil'nika (Research of Maklasheevka 5 burial ground). Kazan: Archives of the Institute of Archaeology Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. F.14. L.1. 212 (in Russian).
Starostin, P. N. 1967. Pamiatniki imen’kovskoi kul’tury (Sites of the Imenkovo Culture). Series: Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov (Corpus of Archaeological Sources) D1-32. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Starostin, P. N., Chizhevsky, A. A. 2006. In Istoriko-Arkheologicheskie issledovanija Povolzh'ja i Urala. Materialy III Halikovskih chtenij (Historical and archaeological research of the Volga region and the Urals. Proceedings of the 3rd Halikov readings). Kazan: “Shkola” Publ., 162-192 (in Russian).
Stashenkov, D. A. 2010. In 40 let Srednevolzhskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii. Kraevedcheskie zapiski (40 years of the Middle Volga archaeological expedition. Local history notes) (15), 111-125 (in Russian).
Stashenkov, D. A. 2014. In Itogi arheologicheskih issledovanij v Samarskoj oblasti v 2013 godu. Materialy nauchnyh jekspedicij (Results of archaeological research in Samara oblast in 2013. Proceedings of scientifi c research). Samara: Samara Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 82–124 (in Russian).
Stashenkov, D. A., Kochkina, A. F., Salugina, N. P. 2019. In Arheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) (6), 177–197 (in Russian).
Stashenkov, D. A., Salugina, N. P. In Evropa ot Latena do Srednevekov'ja: varvarskij mir i rozhdenie slavjanskih kul'tur: K 60-letiju A.M. Oblomskogo (Ranneslavjanskij mir) (Europe from Laten to the Middle Ages: the barbaric world and the birth of Slavic cultures: To the 60th anniversary of A.M. Oboromsky (Early Slavs world)) (19). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 317–325 (in Russian).
Stepanov, P. D. 1967. Osh-Pando (Osh-Pando hillfort). Saransk (in Russian).
Stepanov, P. D. 1971. In Arkheologicheskie otkrytia 1970 g. (Archaeological discoveries in 1970). Moscow (in Russian).
Sungatov, F. A. 1998. Turbaslinskaia kul'tura (po materialam pogrebal'nykh pamiatnikov V-VIII vv. n.e.) (Turbasly culture (based on funeral sites 5th – 8th centures CE)). Ufa: “Gilem” Publ., (in Russian).
Terpilovskii, R. V. 1984. Rannie slaiane Podesen'ia III-V vv (Early slavs on the Desna river in the 3rd – 5th centuries). Kiev (in Russian).
Chindina, L. A. 1977. Mogil'nik Rjolka na Srednei Obi (Riyolka burial ground in the Middle Ob). Tomsk: Tomsk University, (in Russian).
Shitov, V. N. 1992. In Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia v Oksko-Surskom mezhdurech'e (Archaeological research in the Oka and Sura interfl uve) (107), 116–118 (in Russian).
Shitov, V. N. 1990. In Srednevekovye pamjatniki Oksko-Surskogo mezhdurech'ja (Sites of the Middle Ages in the Oka and Sura interfl uve) (99), 21–31 (in Russian).
Cirkin, A. V. 1984. In Sovetskaia arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (1), 123–133 (in Russian).
Balogh, C. 2012. In Thesaurus Avarorum. Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum; ELTE Régészettudományi Intézet; MTA BTK Régészeti Intézet. Budapest, 269−286 (in English).
Godłowski, K. 1970. The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe. Kraków, (in English)
Csiky, G. 2015. In East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 (32). Leiden – Boston: Brill (in English).
Dobos, A. 2009. In Ephemeris Napocensis (19), 219-242 (in English).
Godłowski, K. 1981. In Prahistoria ziem polskich. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk: Ossolineum, Wydawnictwo PAN, T. V: Późny okres lateński i okres rzymski. 57–135 (in Polish)
Ivanišević, V., Špehar, P. 2005. In Starinar (55), 133−159 (in English).
Ivanišević, V. 2016. In Hinter den Mauern und auf dem offenen Land - Leben im Byzantinischen Reich (Byzanz zwischen Orient und Okzident) (3). Mainz, 89−99 (in German).
Kontny, B. 2005. In Studia i Materiały Archeologiczne (12), 59−88 (in Polish).
Kontny, B. 2008. In The Enemies of Rome. Proceedings of the 15th International Roman Military Equipment Conference, Budapest 2005. Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies (16), 107−145 (in English).
Kontny, B., Mączyńska, M. 2015. In Dying Gods – Religious beliefs in northern and eastern Europe in the time of Christianisation. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung (5). Hannover: Niedersächsisches Landesmusem, 241−262 (in German).
Manning, W. H. 2019. In Poulter, A. (ed.) The Transition to Late Antiquity on the lower Danube: Excavations and survey at Dichin, a Late Roman to early Byzantine Fort and a Roman aqueduct. Oxford: Oxbow, 321−370 (in English).
Nagy, M. 2010. In Neglected Barbarians. (Studies in the Early Middle Ages) (32). Turnhout, 137−175 (in English).
Nowakowski, W. 1988. In Archaeologia Polona (XXVII), 69−146 (in German).
Olędzki, M., Tyszler, L. 2019. In Ephemeris Napocensis (29), 201−214 (in English).
Tejral, J. 1999. In Germanen beiderseits des spätantiken Limes. Materialien des 10. Internationalen Symposiums "Grundprobleme der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im nördlichen Mitteldonaugebiet". Köln/Brno: Archäologisches Inst. der Univ. zu Köln, 217−292. (in German).
Vida, T. 1996. In Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission (76) Mainz am Rhein, 220−288 (in German).
Vyazov L. 2016. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the EAA. 31st August-4th September 2016 Vilnius. Vilnius, 214 (in English).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 L.A. Vyazov, D.A. Petrova, V.V. Kondrashin, Yu.A. Salova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
