THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF PALMYRA BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR IN SYRIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2021.3.298.306Keywords:
Historical and archaeological heritage, Palmyra, Monuments, The war in Syria, Terrorism, UNESCOAbstract
In the article there is example of the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, the article examines the problems of loss and preservation of the world historical, cultural, archaeological and architectural heritage in the context of modern local military confl icts. During the periods of Antiquity and the middle Ages, a complex of monuments, unique in composition and size, was formed here, combining ancient Eastern, Roman, Byzantine and Arab elements. During the ongoing acute armed confl ict in Syria, because of the purposeful actions of religious terrorist-extremist organizations, defi ned by the author as an "international historian of cultural terrorism", he
suffered catastrophic damage. An analysis of the scale of this damage, as well as the effectiveness of the efforts of the Syrian authorities, international organizations and the world community, shows that the preservation and restoration of Palmyra's heritage is possible because of painstaking, complex, joint work of all interested parties. Thus, the example of Palmyra showed the military confl icts in the Middle East, along with the actual destruction of entire states, the death of a huge number of people, the economic crisis, millions of refugees, was an attack on the heritage of ancient civilizations, which caused unprecedented loss of world cultural heritage in modern history. Now the world community faces a long and comprehensive joint effort to determine the damage, restore, and prevent further destruction and looting of the cultural heritage of Palmyra and Syria.
References
Abd-Alkhak S. 1996. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 42. P. 220–229.
Al-Asaad, Kh. 1996. In The Al-Amran magazine. edition 27–28. Damascus.
Al-Asaad Kh., Ofakhvedberg H. 2006. Zenobia is the queen Palmyra and the East. Damascus.
Al-Assad, Kh., Dagman, R. 1969. Restoration of the ruins of a sanctuary in Baalshamin's temple // the Syrian Arab Architecture, volume 19
Al-Bakri. 1992. Ways and kingdoms. Рart 2. Tunisia.
Al-Bunni A. 1996. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 42. P. 263–267.
Al-Bunni A. 1972. Art of Palmyra. V. 2. Damascus.
Al-Bunni A. 1978. Palmyra and palmirets. Damascus.
Al-Bunni A., Al-Assad, Kh. 2003. Ancient Palmyra, its Tourist History. edition 4.
Al-Bunni, A., Al-Asaad, Kh. 2003. Palmyra in the ancient time, in the history and in tourism. Damascus. P. 75–76.
Al-Bunni, A., Sleybi, N. 1965. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 15. Part 2. 41–49.
Al-Hamoui, Y. 1951. Almanac of the states. Part 1. Egypt. 831 p.
Bagans, Afi f. 1983. Importance of archaeological opening when determining eras of historical development in Syria, the Syrian Arab relics of Antiquity, the edition 33, section 1.
Cantineau, J. 1992. Inventair des Inscriptions des Palmyre. IV. Byroth.
Collar, P. 1957. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 7. P. 227–232.
Ernest, W. 1992. Palmyrniens, la venise des sables. Paris.
Février, J. G. 1931. La religion des Palmyriens. Paris (in French).
Garf, D. F., Gables, C. 1998. Zenobia and Arabs. The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire// Proceeding of a colloquium held Ankara. Oxford. P. 143–167.
Gavlikovsky, M. 1983. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 33. Part 1. 201–212.
Gerd, G. 1983. Syria art, history, architecture.
Ingholt, H. 1935. Five Dated Tombs from Palmyra. Berytus.
Kolinye, A. Sch. 2005. In The Place and times to the 25 anniversary of archaeological researches in Syria. Damascus. P. 87–104.
Madun, Mahomed Ali. 1995. Civilized interactions on the silk way. Damascus.
Michalowski, K. 1982. Palmyra, fouill Polonaises. Varsovie.
Mikhalovski K. 1961–1962. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 11–12. P. 155–161.
Ostras, A. 1969. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 19. Parts 1–2. P. 149–158.
Saad, Sh. 2006–2007. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 49–50. P. 16–31.
Sadorska, A. 1996. In The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 42. P. 220–231
Serig, H .1940. C.r.a.l. P. 242
Soil, Hades. 2010. Archeologists and the ancient cities, an excursion to the world of antiquities. T. 1.
Starcky, J. Inventaire. Op. cit. p. 143–144.
Starcky, J. 1952. Palmyra.
Starki, J., Al-Mnedzhed, Salah El-Dean. 1993. Palmyra is a bride of the desert. T. 1. Damascus.
Uitmar J. 1960. In Palmyra – history lessons. The Archaeological annals of Syria. The edition 10. P. 319–337
Weigand, T. H. 1917. Palmyra, Ergebnisse der expeditionenvon 1, Berlin.
Wood, R. 1971. Antiquities of Palmyra, in translation into Arabic Ibrahim Saad's language. “Stars of Zagra”, edition 92, p. 298.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sh. AlAsaad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.