NECHAEVA MOGILA – THE LAST SCYTHIAN ROYAL GIANT BARROW IN THE BLACK SEA SCYTHIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2021.5.75.107Keywords:
archaeology, Scythians, royal barrow, Great Patriotic War, Nikopol-Krivoy Rog offensive of the Red Army, “Height 167.3, Nechaeva Mogila”, B.N. Grakov, G.L. Sereda, A.I. Terenozhkin, B.N. Mozolevsky, lootersAbstract
Nechaeva Mogila is the only remaining Scythian royal giant barrow in the Northern Black Sea region. It has been known to Russian archaeologists since 1853. Presently, it is 14–15 meters in height. Over the past two centuries, the barrow has undergone significant changes. In the middle of the 19th century, hollows were noted in the embankment, a deep well was excavated at the top, which was later filled up, and a gazebo was constructed at its site. The barrow played a particularly tragic role during the Great Patriotic War, when it was one of the key strongholds of the Wehrmacht troops in the Nikopol-Krivoy Rog offensive of the Red Army in December 1943 - January 1944, which ended in a defeat for the Krivoy Rog-Nikopol group trying to keep hold the Nikopol manganese and Krivoy Rog iron ore basins at all costs. More than fifteen hundred Soviet soldiers died in battles for Nechaeva Mogila. The barrow itself, and especially its top, was covered with dugouts and trenches, as well as hundreds of shell craters. After the war, the top of the barrow was completely rearranged, and a triangulation station of the highest category was installed. All facts indicate that in an earlier period the barrow was one of the largest Scythian royal barrows of the Northern Black Sea region and was at least 20
meters in height.
References
Artamonov, M. I. 1935. Problemy istorii dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv (Historical Issues of Pre-Capitalist Societies) (1−2), 142–164 (in Russian).
Bidzilya, V. I., Polin, S.V. 2012. Skifskij tsarskii kurgan Gaimanova Mogila (Scythian Tsar’s Barrow of Gaimanova Mogila). Kiev: “Skif” Publ. (in Russian).
Bobrinsky, A. A. 1913. In Izvestiia Tavricheskoi uchenoi arkhivnoi komissii (Proceedings of the Taurida Learned Archival Commission) 50 (in Russian).
Braun, F. A. 1899. Razyskaniia v oblasti goto-slavianskikh otnoshenii (Разыскания в области гото-славянских отношений). Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences Publ. (in Russian).
Brun, F. I. 1880. Chernomor'e. Sbornik issledovanii po istoricheskoi geografii Iuzhnoj Rossii (Черноморье. Сборник исследований по исторической географии Южной России). Odessa (in Russian).
Burachkov, P. 1875. In Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii drevnostei (Notes of the Odessa Society of History of Antiquities) 9. Odessa, 1–133 (in Russian).
Binogradov, Yu. G., Yatsenko, I. V. 1990. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) (3), 86–92 (in Ukrainian).
Grakov, B. 1939. Otchet Nikol’skoi arkhrologicheskoi ekspeditsii za 1939 g. (Отчет Никопольской археологической экспедиции за 1939 г.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Fund. Institute for the History of Material Culture No. 30–33 (in Russian).
Grakov, B. 1947. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) (1), 191 (in Ukrainian).
Grakov, B. 1947. Otchet Skifskoi (Nikol’skoi) ekspeditsii AN SSSR za 1947 g. (Отчет Скифской (Никопольской) экспедиции ИИМК АН СССР за 1947 г.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1947/36-А (in Russian).
Grakov, B. 1947b. In Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta istorii material’noi kul’tury (Brief Communications of the Institute for the History of Material Culture) XXI. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 73–74 (in Russian).
Grakov, B. N. 1954. Kamenskoe gorodishche na Dnepre (Каменское городище на Днепре). Series:Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii (Proceedings and Research in Archaeology of the USSR) 36. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).
Daragan, M. N. 2012. In Virtual'naia arkheologiia (nerazrushaiushchie metody issledovanii, modelirovanie, rekonstruktsii) (Virtual Archaeology (неразрушающие методы исследований, моделирование, реконструкции). Saint Petersburg: The State Hermitage Museum, 69–80 (in Russian).
Daragan, M. N. 2018. In Polin, S. V., Alekseev, A. Yu. Skifskii tsarskii Aleksandrovskii kurgan IV v.do n.e. v Nizhnem Podneprov’e (Scythian royal Alexandropol mound of the IV century BC in the Lower Dnieper region). Kiev, Berlin (in Russian).
Drevnosti Gerodotovoi Skifii (DGS II). Sbornik opisanii arkheologicheskikh raskopok i nakhodok v Chernomorskikh stepiakh (Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia. Collection of Descriptions of Archaeological Excavations and Finds from the Black Sea Steppes). II Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Academy of Sciences Publ. (in Russian).
Drevnosti Gerodotovoi Skifii (DGS II). Sbornik opisanii arkheologicheskikh raskopok i nakhodok v Chernomorskikh stepiakh (Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia. Collection of Descriptions of Archaeological Excavations and Finds from the Black Sea Steppes). II Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Academy of Sciences Publ., XXII–XL (in Russian).
Дмітров Л.Д. Кургани Нікопольбуду. Звіт про роботу археологічної експедиції // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1935–36. № 10-11.
Дмитров Л.Д. Археологические работы по исследованию Никополя в 1936 г. Предварительный отчет и перспективные предложения Никопольской археологической экспедиции // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1936. № 12.
Дмітров Л.Д. Археологічне вивчення Нікопольщини в 1935–1936 рр. // Наукові записки Iнституту історії і археології. Київ, 1946. Кн. II. С. 55–73.
Dmitrov, L. D. 1950. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) (3), 151–166 (in Ukrainian).
Доклад профессора Д.И. Эварницкого о произведенных им раскопках курганов и исторических исследованиях. Екатеринослав, 1904. 23 с.
Zabelin, I. E. 1865. In Drevnosti. Trudy Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva (Antiquities. Proceedings of the Moscow Archaeological Society) 1, 71–90 (in Russian).
Zaitsev, Yu. P., Mordvintseva, V. I. 2003. In Vestnik drevnei istorii (Journal of Ancient History) (3). 61–99 (in Russian).
In Trudy XIII arkheologicheskogo s″ezda (Proceedings of the 13rd Archaeological Congress) 2. Moscow, 121–142 (in Russian).
Il’inskaya, V. A. 1966. In Sovetskaia Arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (3), 152–171 (in Russian).
Petrov, Yu. P.1961. (ed.). Istoriia Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza. 1941–1945 (История Великой Отечественной войны Советского Союза. 1941–1945). Moscow (in Russian).
Koltukhov, S. G. 2012. Skify Krymskogo Prisivash’ia v VII–IV vv. do n.e. Pogrebal'nye pamiatniki (Scythians of Crimean Prisivashe's region in 7th - 4th cent. B.C. burial mounds) Series: Materialy k arkheologicheskoi karte Kryma ( Materials for the archaeological map of Crimea) 10. Simferopol: “Predpriiatie Feniks” Publ. (in Russian).
Koltukhov, S. G. 2012. Skify Severo-zapadnogo Kryma v VII–IV vv. do n.e. (pogrebal'nye pamiatniki) Scythians of the North-Western Crimea in the 7th-4th centuries BC (Funerary Monuments). Drevniaia i srednevekovaia Tavrika (Ancient and Medieval Tauris). Series: Arkheologicheskii al'manakh (Archaeological almanac) 27. Donetsk: “Donbass” Publ. (in Russian).
Lazarevsky, Ya. 1894. In Zapiski Russkogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva (Proceedings of Russian Archaeological Society) VII (1, 2). Saint Petersburg, 24–46 (in Russian).
Mantskevich, A. P. 1987. Kurgan Solokha. Publikatsiia odnoi kollektsii (Solokha Mound. Publication of a Single Collection). Leningrad: “Iskusstvo” Publ. (in Russian).
Марти Ю. Сто лет Керченского музея. Исторический очерк. Керчь: Гос. Керчен. арх. музей, 1926. IV, 96 с.
Melyukova, A. I., Yarsenko, I. V. 1999. In Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia (Russian Archaeology) (4), 215–220 (in Russian).
Antonovich, V. (ed.). 1890. Memuary, otnosiashchiesia k istorii Iuzhnoi Rusi (Мемуары, относящиеся к истории Южной Руси). 1. Kiev (in Russian).
Mozolevskii, B. N. 1979. Tovsts Mogila (Tovsta Mogila). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ. (in Ukrainian).
Mozolevskii, B. N. 1982. In Terenozhkin, A. I. (ed.). Drevnosti stepnoi Skifii (Antiquities of Steppe Scythia). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ., 187–234 (in Russian).
Mozolevskii, B. N. 1983. Skіfs'kii step (Скіфський степ). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ. (in Ukranian).
Mozolevs’ky, B. M. 1968. In Sovetskaia Arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (2), 70–83 (in Russian).
Mozolevs’ky, B. M. 1990. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) (1), 122–138 (in Ukrainian).
Mozolevskii, B. N., Polin, S. V. 2005. Kurgany skifskogo Gerrosa IV v. do n.e. (Babina, Vodiana i Soboleva mogily) (Mounds of the Scythian Gerros IV century BC. (Babina, Vodian and Soboleva Mogilas). Kiev: “Stilos” Publ. (in Russian).
Moshchanovsky, I. B. 2011. Osvobozhdenie Pravoberezhnoi Ukrainy (Освобождение Правобережной Украины). Moscow: “Veche” Publ. (in Russian).
Samokvasov, D. Ya. 1908. Mogily Russkoi zemli (Могилы Русской земли). IV. Moscow: “Sinodal'naia tipografiia” Publ. (in Russian).
Otchet Arkheologicheskoi komissii za 1891 g. (Report of the Archaeological Commission from 1891). Saint Petersburg (in Russian).
Otchet Arkheologicheskoi komissii za 1899 g. (Report of the Archaeological Commission from 1899). Saint Petersburg (in Russian).
Otchet Arkheologicheskoi komissii za 1900 g. (Report of the Archaeological Commission from 1900). Saint Petersburg (in Russian).
Об археологических разысканиях 1852–53–54 – Об археологических разысканиях в Екатеринославской губернии в 1852, 1853 и 1854 гг. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф.9, д. № 43. 110 л.
О командировании 1852–53 – О командировании коллежского советника Терещенко для археологических разысканий на юге России и расследовании Луговой Могилы // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 6.
О раскопках 1855-А – О раскопках в Екатеринославской губернии в 1855 г. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 49а. 132 л.
Otroshchenko, V. V., Boltrik, Yu. V. 1982. In Telegin, D. Ya. (eds.). Materialy po khronologii arkheologicheskikh pamiatnikov Ukrainy (Материалы по хронологии археологических памятников Украины). Kiev: “naukova Dumka” Publ., 38–46 (in Russian).
Padalka, L. 1891. In Kievskaia starina (Киевская старина). 35, 384–390 (in Russian).Polin, S. V., Alekseev, A. Yu. 2018. Skifskii tsarskii Aleksandrovskii kurgan IV v.do n.e. v Nizhnem Podneprov’e (Scythian royal Alexandropol mound of the IV century BC in the Lower Dnieper region). Kiev, Berlin (in Russian).
Пояснительная записка к проекту вскрытия скифского захоронения (“Нечаевой Могилы”) в Днепропетровской области. Орджоникидзе, 1966 (архив С.В. Полина).
Pustovalov, S. Zh. 1997. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) (3), 40–49 (in Ukrainian).
In Shastina, N. P. (ed.). 1957. Puteshestvie v vostochnye strany Plano Karpini i Rubruka (The Journey of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruk to the Eastern Parts).. Moscow: “Geografgiz” Publ. (in Russian).
Сибирский А.А. Донесение министру уделов Л.А.Перовскому о раскопках в Феодосии и кургане, находящемся близ селения Александрополя Екатеринославской губ. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 20. 15 л.
Sokolov, V. 1892. In Kievskaia starina (Киевская старина). 38, 225–245 (in Russian).
Сосса Р.І. Історія картографування території України. Від найданіших часів до 1920 р. Київ: Наукова думка 2000. 247 с.
Terenozhkin, A. I., Il’inskaya, V. A., Chernenko, E. V. 1965. Otchet Skifskoi Nikol’skoi ekspeditsii 1965 g. (Отчет о работе Скифской Никопольской экспедиции 1965 г..). Research Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1965/7 (in Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I., Il’inskaya, V. A., Chernenko, E. V., Mazolevsky, B. N. 1973. In Terenozhkin, A. I. (ed.). Skifskie drevnosti (Scythian Antiquities). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ., 113–186 (in Russian).
Tereshchenko, A. 1853. In Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia (Journal of the Ministry of Public Education). 4, 1–30 (in Russian).
Tereshchenko, A. 1853a. In Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia (Journal of the Ministry of Public Education). 5, 55–75 (in Russian).
Tereshchenko, A. 1853b. In Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia (Journal of the Ministry of Public Education). 7, 1–69 (in Russian).
Tereshchenko, A. 1866. In Vodyansky, O. M. (ed.). Chteniia v imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei Rossiiskikh pri Moskovskom universitete (Чтения в императорском обществе истории и древностей Российских при Московском университете). Moscow, 1–37 (in Russian).Uvarov, A. S. 1851. Issledovaniya o drevnostyakh Yuzhnoy Rossii i beregov Chernogo moray (Research of the Antiquities of Southern Russia and the Black Sea Shores). Saint-Petersburg (in Russian).
Chernenko, E. V. 1967. Zapiski Odesskogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva (Proceedings of Odessa Archaeological Society) 2. Odessa, 179–191 (in Russian).
Chernykh, L. A., Daragan, M. N. 2014. Kurgany epokhi eneolita-bronzy mezhdurech'ya Bazavluka, Solenoy, Chertomlyka (Kurgans dated to the eneolithic-bronze age in the area of Bazavluk, Solenaya, Chertomlyk interfluve). Kiev: “Oleg Filyuk” Publ. (in Russian).
Черняков І.Т. Кургани в культурі України / Чмихов М.О. Курганні пам’ятки як явище давньої культури. Київ: НМК ВО, 1993. 144 с.
Chirkov, A. 1867. In Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii drevnostei (Notes of the Odessa Society of History of Antiquities) 6. Odessa, 546–550 (in Russian).
Chuikov, V. I. 1980. Ot Stalingrada do Berlina (From Stalingrad to Berlin). Moscow: „Voenizdat“ Publ. (in Russian).
Sheer, A. 2010. Vospominaniia (Memoirs). Moscow: “Zakharov” Publ. (in Russian).
Yurgevich, V. N. 1889. Istoricheskii ocherk 50-letiia Imperatorskogo Odesskogo obshhestva istorii i drevnostei (Исторический очерк 50-летия Императорского Одесского общества истории и древностей). Odessa: “A. Shults” Publ. (in Russian).
Daragan, M. 2016. In Olivier Henry and Ute Kelp (eds.). Tumulus as Sema Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC Vol. 27. Series Topoi – Berlin Studies of the Ancient World / Topoi – Berliner Studien der Alten Welt. Berlin, 337–346. (in English).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Daragan Marina N., Polin Sergey V.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
