Spearheads From Turbino Burial Ground: metal composition and production technology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2022.2.168.179Keywords:
archaeology, Bronze Age, Seima-Turbino culture, Turbino burial ground, process sequence, reclaimed resourcesAbstract
This paper features the results of an analysis of the chemical and lead isotope composition in the bronze and silver alloys of spearheads from the Turbino burial ground, as well as the results of a trace-wear analyses. The study of casting traces, casting defects and post-casting operations indicated that the spearheads were cast in bivalve moulds using a technology developed in the Early Seima–Turbino period. The silver spearheads were made of silver alloys with an addition of arsenic copper; one spearhead was made almost entirely of pure copper; three spearheads were made of tin bronze, with a tin concentration of up to 30%. Tin was added deliberately to make these spearheads resemble silver. The results of an analysis of lead isotopic composition in silver alloys suggest that the craftsmen could have used native silver, to which smelted copper of different compositions was added. The lead isotopic composition of copper and other bronze items as well as tin-bronze plates from the Borodino hoard indicates that the ore deposits from different sources of the Urals and Trans-Urals were used for smelting. The smiths deliberately experimented with the ligature and produced silver color in other spears whose alloy was based on copper. The addition of tin and silver to the ligature is a conscious choice of the smith.
References
Анкушев М.Н., Юминов А.М., Зайков В.В. Медные рудники Таш-Казган, Никольский и Кураминский (Южный Урал) // Геоархеология и археологическая минералогия – 2016. Научное издание. Материалы III Всероссийской молодежной научной школы. Миасс: Институт минералогии УрО РАН, 2016. С. 108–112.
Бадер О.Н. Древнейшие металлурги Приуралья. М.: Наука, 1964. 176 с.
Зайков В.В., Таиров А.Д., Зайкова Е.В., Юминов А.М., Котляров В.А. Благородные металлы в рудах и древних золотых изделиях Центральной Евразии. Челябинск: Каменный пояс, 2016. 313 с.
Иоффе М.А. Теория литейных процессов. Т.1 СПб: Издательство СЗГУ, 2009. 166 с.
Киселева Д.В., Солошенко Н.Г., Стрелецкая М.В., Окунева Т.Г., Шагалов Е.С., Ткачев В.В., Богданов С.В., Анкушев М.Н., Корякова Л.Н., Виноградов Н.Б. Изотопный анализ свинца в металле бронзового века степного Приуралья и Зауралья // Материалы XI Всероссийской молодежной научной конференции «Минералы: строение, свойства, методы исследования» / Отв. ред. С.Л. Вотяков. Екатеринбург: Институт геологии и геохимии УрО РАН, 2020. С. 122–125.
Кузьминых С.В. Литейная форма с Подборновского поселения // Археологические памятники Среднего Поочья. Вып. 1 / Отв. ред. М.И. Гоняный и др. Рязань: НПЦ по охране и использованию памятников истории и культуры, 1992. С. 23–29.
Мельников Е.Н. Покровско-абашевские погребения у с. Большая Плавица // Абашевская культурно-историческая общность: истоки, развитие, наследие. Материалы международной научной конференции / Ред. кол. В.С. Бочкарев, С.Н. Кореневский, П.Ф. Кузнецов и др. Чебоксары: ЧГИГН, 2003. С. 239–247.
Молодин В.И., Дураков И.А. Метод литья «на пролив» в сейминско-турбинской металлообрабатывающей традиции (по материалам кротовской культуры) // Уральский исторический вестник. 2019.
№ 1 (62). С. 48–56.
Пряхин А.Д. Мосоловское поселение металлургов-литейщиков эпохи поздней бронзы. Воронеж: Воронежский государственный университет, 1993. 175 с.
Хоммель П., Брай П., Хвостиков В.А., Карандашев В.К., Лобода А.Ю., Колчина А.С., Шишлина Н.И. Состав золотых, серебряных и медных сплавов в изделиях Бородинского клада // Бородинский клад героической эпохи бронзового века. Естественнонаучный и исторический контекст / Труды ГИМ. Вып. 211 / Отв. ред. Н.И. Шишлина. М.: ГИМ, 2019. С. 76–114.
Хоммель П., Брай П., Хвостиков В.А., Карандашев В.К., Лобода Ю.Н., Колчина А.С., Шишлина Н.И. Изучение серебряных изделий Бородинского клада: новое об известном // КСИА. 2019б. Вып. 256. С. 136–152.
Черных Е.Н. Результаты изучения химического состава метала Бессарабского клада // СА. 1965.
№ 1. С. 270–272.
Черных Е.Н. Древнейшая металлургия Урала и Поволжья / МИА. № 172. М.: Наука, 1970. 180 с.
Черных Е.Н., Кузьминых С.В. Древняя металлургия Северной Евразии (сейминско-турбинский феномен). М.: Наука, 1989. 320 с.
Шишлина Н.И., Орфинская О.В., Киселева Д.В., Хвостиков В.А., Кузнецова О.В., Окунева Т.Г. Результаты комплексного исследования археологических образцов из кургана 1, погребения 2 могильника Пологи // Пологiвський посох / Від. ред. В.В. Отрощенко, Г.М. Тощев. Киïв: Друкарьський двiр Олега Федорова, 2020. С. 185–195.
Artemyev D.A., Ankushev M.N. Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions // Minerals. 2019. Vol. 9(12) 746. P. 1–23.
Kiseleva D. V., Shishlina N. I., Streletskaya M. V., Soloshenko N. G., Okuneva T. G., and. Shagalov E. S. MC ICP-MS Lead Isotope Analysis of Archaeological Metal Artifacts from the Bronze Age Sites of Eurasia // GAM 2019: Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy. Proceedings of 6th Geoarchaeological Conference, Miass, Russia, 16–19 September 2019. / A. Yuminov et al. (Eds.). SPEES, 2020. Р. 133–141.
Magnusson B., Näykki T., Hovind H., Krysell M., Sahlin E. Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories, Nordtest Report TR 537 (ed. 4). 2017. 51 p. Available from www.nordtest.info.
Pollard A.M., Bray P. Chemical and Isotopic Studies of Ancient Metals // Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective / Eds. Roberts B.W., Thornton C.P. New York; Heidelberg; Dordrecht; London: Springer, 2014. P. 217–238.
Tessalina S.G., Herrington R.J., Taylor R.N., Sundblad K., Maslennikov V.V., Orgeval J.J. Lead isotopic systematics of massive sulphide deposits in the Urals: Applications for geodynamic setting and metal sources // Ore Geology Reviews 72. 2016. P. 22–36.
REFERENCES
Ankushev, M. N., Yuminov, A. M., Zaikov, V. V. 2016. In Geoarkheologiia i arkheologicheskaia mineralogiia –2018. Nauchnoe izdanie. Materialy III Vserossiiskoi molodezhnoi nauchnoi shkoly (Geoarchaeology and Archaeological mineralogy - 2016. Scientific Publication. Proceedings of the 3rd All-Russian Youth Scientific School). Miass: Institute of Mineralogy. Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 108–112 (in Russian).
Bader, O. N. 1964. Drevneyshie metallurgi Priuralya (The Oldest Metallurgists of the Urals). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian)
Zaikov, V.V., Tairov, A.D., Zaykova, E.V., Yuminov, A.M., Kotlyarov, V.A. 2016. Blagorodnyye metally v rudakh I drevnikh zolotykh izdeliyakh Tsentral’noy Evrazii (Noble Metals in Ores and Ancient Golden Artifacts from Central Eurasia). Chelyabinsk: “Kammennyy poias” Publ. (in Russian)
Ioffe, M. A. 2009. Teoriia liteinykh protsessov (The Theory of Casting Processes). Vol. 1. Saint Petersburg: SZGU Publishing house (in Russian)
Kiseleva, D. V., Soloshenko, N. G., Streletskaya, M. V., Okuneva, T. G., Shagalov, E. S., Tkachev, V. V., Bogdanov, S. V., Ankushev, M. N., Koryakova, L. N., Vinogradov, N. B. 2020. In Materialy XI Vserossiiskoi molodezhnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Mineraly: stroenie, svoistva, metody issledovaniia” (Proceedings of the 11th All-Russian Youth Scientific Conference “Minerals: Structure, Properties, Study Methods”). Yekaterinburg: Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 122–125 (in Russian)
Kuzminikh, S. V. 1992. In Gonyany, M. I. et al.(eds.). Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Srednego Pooch’ia (Archaeological Sites of Middle Oka Area) 1. Ryazan: Science and Production Center for Protection and Management of Historical and Cultural Sites of the Ryazan Region, 23–29 (in Russian).
Melnikov, E. N. 2003. In Bochkarev, V. S. et al (eds.). Abashevskaya kul'turno-istoricheskaya obshhnost': istoki, razvitie, nasledie (The Abashevo cultural and historical communion: Genesis, Development, Heritage). Cheboksary: Chuvash State Research Institute for Humanities, 239–247(in Russian).
Molodin, V. I., Durakov, I. A. 2019. In Ural'skiy istoricheskiy vestnik (Ural Historical Journal) 62 (1), 48–56 (in Russian).
Pryakhin, A. D. 1993. Mosolovskoye poselenie Metallurgov-liteishikov epokhi pozdney bronzi (Mosolovskoye Settlement of Metallurgists and Casting Workers of the Late Bronze Age). Voronezh: Voronezh State University (in Russian).
Hommel P., Bray P., Khvostikov, V. A., Karandashev, V. K., Loboda, A. Yu., Kolchina, A. S., Shishlina, N. I. 2019. In Shishilina, N. I. (ed.). Borodinskii klad geroicheskoi epokhi bronzovogo veka. Estestvennonauchii i istoricheskii kontekst (Borodinsky Hoard of the Heroic Era of the Bronze Age. Natural Science and Historical Context). Series: Proceedings of the State Historical Museum 211. Moscow: State Historical Museum, 76–114(in Russian).
Hommel, P., Bray, P., Khvostikov, V. A., Karandashev, V. K., Loboda, A. Yu, Kolchina, A. S., Shishlina, N. I. 2019. In Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii (Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology) 256, 136–152(in Russian).
Chernykh, E. N. 1965. In Sovetskaya arheologiya (Sovet Archaeology) 1, 270–272 (in Russian).
Chernykh, E. N. 1970. Drevneishaia metallurgiia Urala i Povolzh’ia (Ancient Metallurgy of Ural and Volga Region). Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 172. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Chernykh, E. N., Kuzminykh, S. V. 1989. Drevniaia metallurgiia Severnoi Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskii fenomen) (Ancient Metallurgy of Northern Eurasia (Seyma-Turbino Phenomenon)). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Shishlina, N. I., Orfinskaya, O. V., Kiseleva, D. V., Khvostikov, V. A., Kuznetsova, O. V., Okuneva, T. G. 2020. In Otroshenko, V.V., Toschev, G. M. (eds.). Pologivsky posokh (Pologi Staff). Kiev: Oleg Fedorov Publishing House, 185–195. (in Russian)
Artemyev, D. A., Ankushev, M. N. 2019. In Minerals. 9 (12) 746, 1–23 (in English).
Kiseleva D. V., Shishlina N. I., Streletskaya M. V., Soloshenko N. G., Okuneva T. G., and. Shagalov E. S. MC ICP-MS Lead Isotope Analysis of Archaeological Metal Artifacts from the Bronze Age Sites of Eurasia // GAM 2019: Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy. Proceedings of 6th Geoarchaeological Conference, Miass, Russia, 16–19 September 2019. / A. Yuminov et al. (Eds.). SPEES, 2020. Р. 133–141.
Magnusson B., Näykki T., Hovind H., Krysell M., Sahlin E. Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories, Nordtest Report TR 537 (ed. 4). 2017. 51 p. Available at: www.nordtest.info (accessed: 15.01.2022).
Pollard A.M., Bray P. Chemical and Isotopic Studies of Ancient Metals / Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective / Eds. Roberts B.W., Thornton C.P. New York; Heidelberg; Dordrecht; London: Springer, 2014.
P. 217–238.
Tessalina, S. G., Herrington, R. J., Taylor, R. N., Sundblad, K., Maslennikov, V. V., Orgeval, J. J. 2016.
In Ore Geology Reviews. 72, 22–36 (in English).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 N.I. Shishlina, A.Yu. Loboda, N.G. Soloshenko, V.A. Khvostikov
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
