Stratigraphy, Chronology and Periodization of the Kraskinsky Walled Town
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2023.1.25.38Keywords:
archaeology, Primorsky Krai, Bohai state (698–926), settlement, walled town, fortification, Buddhist temple complexAbstract
During long-term studies on the walled town contradictory data have been accumulated on the dating, chronology and periodization of main objects. They were formed during more than 250 years of the Bohai state history (698–926) and formed asynchronical building horizons. Excavations on the part of the residential area near the temple complex and fortifications made it possible to correlate the stages of their construction and modification, propose a general periodization and define more exactly the chronology of the site, taking into account information from written sources. In the first period of its existence, when the site was a settlement, the inhabitants built half-earth dwellings. In the next periods they built surface constructions with kang (heating system). In the second period the construction of town walls made of stone blocks began and a quarterly layout of the town was formed; in the third period the defensive structures of the gates and towers were built; in the fourth period significant repairs of the walls were made; in the fifth period the walls were covered with a pebble-earth embankment. Buddhist temple complex functioned in all periods of the existence of the site.
References
Boldin, V. I. 1981. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh na Kraskinskom gorodishche v Primorskom krae v 1981 godu (Report on archaeological studies on the Kraskinskoye walled town in Primorsky Krai in 1981). Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 1, inv. R-1, dossier 8425, 1981 (in Russian).
Boldin, V. I. 1993. In Sapunov, S. B. (ed.). Problemy etnokul'turnoi istorii Dal'nego Vostoka i sopredel'nykh territorii (Issues of the Ethnic–cultural History of the Far East and Adjacent Territories). Blagoveshchensk: Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 49−59 (in Russian).
Boldin, V. I. 1994. O rezul'tatakh polevykh issledovaniy na Kraskinskom gorodishche v Primor'e v 1994 godu (On the results of field research on the Kraskinskoye walled town in Primorye in 1994). Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund 1, inv. R-1, dossier 18020, 1994 (in Russian).
Boldin, V. I., Gel'man, E. I. 2005. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh bokhayskikh pamyatnikov v Primorskom krae Rossii v 2004 godu (Report on the archaeological research of the Bohai sites in the Primorsky Krai of Russia in 2004). Seoul: Koguryo Research Foundation, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology FEB RAS (in Russian, in Korean).
Boldin, V. I., Gel'man, E. I., Ivliev, A. L., Nikitin, Yu. G. 2001. In Vestnik Dal’nevostochnogo Otdeleniya RAN (Vestnik of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences) (3), 74–90 (in Russian).
Boldin, V. I., Gel'man, E. I., Leshhenko, N. V. 2008. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh na Kraskinskom gorodishche v 2007 g. (Report on Archaeological Studies at the Kraskinsky Settlement in 2007). Seul (in Korean, in Russian).
Boldin, V. I., Gel'man, E. I., Leshhenko, N. V., Ivliev, A. L. 2004. In Rossiya i ATR (Russia and Asia–Pacific Region) 49 (3), 66–83 (in Russian).
Wang Peixin. 2018. In Mul'tidistsiplinarnye issledovaniia v arkheologii (Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology) 2, 3–19 (in Russian).
Vishnyatsky, L. B., Kolpakov, E. M. 1991. In A.N. Kirpichnikov (ed.). Problemy khronologii i periodizatsii v arkheologii (Problems of chronology and periodization in archaeology). Series: Arkheologicheskie izyskaniia (Archaeological Surveys) Leningrad: Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 5–11 (in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I. 2021. In Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) (4), 17–30. Doi: 10.24852/2587-6112.2021.4.17.30 (in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I., Boldin, V. I., Ivliev, A. L. 2000. In Kradin, N. N., Krupyanko, A. A., Sovasteev, V. V. (eds.) Istoriya i arkheologiya Dal'nego Vostoka. K 70-letiyu E.V. Shavkunova (History and archeology of the Far East. To E.V. Shavkunov's 70th birthday). Vladivostok: Far Eastern University, 153–165 (in Russian).
Gel'man E. I., Boldin V.I., Astashenkova E.V., Ivliev A.O., Leshhenko N.V., Kan In Uk, Kim Eun Kuk. 2010. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh na Kraskinskom gorodishche Primorskogo kraya v 2008 g. (Report on archaeological excavations on the Kraskinskoye walled town in Primorsky Krai in 2008). Vladivostok, Seul: Foundation for the Study of the History of Northeast Asia; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far-East, Far-Eastern Branch of the RAS (in Korenian, in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I., Astashenkova, E. V., Boldin, V. I., Ivliev, A. L., Leshhenko, N. V., Kim, Yn. K., Kan, In Uk. 2011. Arheologicheskie issledovaniia rossiisko-koreiskoi ekspeditsii na Kraskinskom gorodishhe v 2009 godu (Archaeological Studies of the Russian-Korean Expedition at Kraskino hillfort in 2009). 1. Vladivostok, Seul: Foundation for the Study of the History of Northeast Asia; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far-East, Far-Eastern Branch of the RAS (in Korenian, in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I., Astashenkova, E. V., Boldin, V. I., Ivliev, A. L., Leshhenko, N. V., Kim, Yn. K., Kan, In Uk. 2011. Arheologicheskie issledovaniia rossiisko-koreiskoi ekspeditsii na Kraskinskom gorodishhe v 2009 godu (Archaeological Studies of the Russian-Korean Expedition at Kraskino hillfort in 2009). 2. Vladivostok, Seul: Foundation for the Study of the History of Northeast Asia; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far-East, Far-Eastern Branch of the RAS (in Korenian, in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I., Astashenkova, E. V., Boldin, V. I., Ivliev, A. L., Piskareva, Ya. E., Kim Yn Guk, Chzhun Suk Bae. 2012. Arheologicheskie issledovaniia rossiisko-koreiskoi ekspeditsii na Kraskinskom gorodishhe v Rossiiskom Primor'e v 2011 godu (Archaeological Studies of the Russian-Korean Expedition at Kraskino hillfort in the Russian Primorye in 2011). 1. Vladivostok, Seul: Foundation for the Study of the History of Northeast Asia; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far-East, Far-Eastern Branch of the RAS (in Korenian, in Russian).
Gel'man, E. I., Astashenkova, E. V., Piskareva, Ya. E., Kim Yn Guk, Chzhun Suk Bae. 2019. Arheologicheskie issledovaniia rossiisko-koreiskoi ekspeditsii na Kraskinskom gorodishhe v Rossiiskom Primor'e v 2018 godu (Archaeological Studies of the Russian-Korean Expedition at Kraskino hillfort in the Russian Primorye in 2018). 1. Vladivostok, Seul: Foundation for the Study of the History of Northeast Asia; Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far-East, Far-Eastern Branch of the RAS (in Korenian, in Russian).
Gel'man E.I., Ivliev A.L., Boldin V.I. 2020. In: Trudy IHAE DVO RAN (Proceedings of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology FEB RAS). (26), 157–174 (in Russian).
Shavkunov, E. V. 1994. (ed.). Gosudarstvo Bokhai (698–926 gg.) i plemena Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii (Bohai State (698-926) and the Tribes of the Russian Far East.). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Ivai Hiroto. 2022. In Materialy 13-go simpoziuma po arkheologii Bokhaya (Proceedings of the 13th Bohai archaeology symposium). Tokyo: “Aoyama gakkuin” Publ., 11–20, 67–74 (in Japanese, in Russian).
Ivliev, A. L. 2005. In Andreeva, Zh. V. (ed.). Rossiiskii Dal'nii Vostok v drevnosti i srednevekov'e: otkrytiia, problemy, gipotezy (The Russian Far East in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Discoveries, Issues, Hypotheses). Vladivostok: “Dalnauka” Publ., 449−475 (in Russian).
Ivliev, A. L., Boldin, V. I. 2006. In Rossiya i ATR (Russia and Asia–Pacific Region) (3), 5–18. (in Russian).
Kradin, N. N. (ed.). 2018. Goroda srednevekovykh imperiy Dal'nego Vostoka (Towns of the Medieval Empires of the Far East). Moscow: “Vostochnaya literatura” Publ. (in Russian).
Siedin, V. T., Bessonova, E. A., Gel'man, E. I., Zverev, S. A., Koptev, M. A., Nozdrachev, E. A 2013. In Vestnik Dal’nevostochnogo Otdeleniya RAN (Vestnik of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences) 167 (1), 131–140 (in Russian).
Shavkunov, E. V. 1966. In Zapiski Primorskogo filiala Geograficheskogo Obshhestva SSSR (Notes of the Primorye branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR) (25), 141–144 (in Russian).
Shavkunov, E. V. 1968. Gosudarstvo Bokhay i pamyatniki ego kul'tury v Primor'e (Bohai State and the Monuments of its Culture in Primorye). Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Ivliev A.L. 2013. In Kraskinskoe gorodishche Primor'ya – kharakter i funktsional'noe naznachenie (Kraskinskoye walled town in Primorye - character and functional purpose). Tokyo: Aoyama gakkuin, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology FEB RAS, 135-143 (in Japanese, in English, in Russian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 E.I. Gelman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
