12th–14th Century Glazed Tiles from Alisha Fortress (Azerbaijan)

Abstract

The study is dedicated to the investigation of Alisha (Diveka) medieval fortress located in the village of Alasha in the Astara District of Azerbaijan, within the territory of the Hirkan National Park, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the architectural features and material culture of the fortress based on archaeological excavation results. In 2023–2024, extensive archaeological surveys were carried out at the site, revealing cultural layers dating from the 4th century BC to the 16th century AD. Special attention during the excavations was given to the defensive structures and the identification of elements of ancient water supply systems, which were critically important for the survival of the fortress in the mountainous terrain. A key discovery was the collection of 12th–14th century glazed tiles decorated with intricate geometric and floral motifs. An analysis of the morphology, color palette, and stylistic features of these findings indicates the high level of craftsmanship of medieval artisans from the territory of present-day Azerbaijan, as well as the existence of developed cultural and trade connections with Iran and Central Asia. The excavation materials from Alisha Fortress significantly broaden our knowledge of the processes of urbanization, architectural development, and artisanal traditions in medieval Azerbaijan, confirming the strategic significance of this site as a key element of cultural heritage.