ITEMS OF WEAPONS AND HORSE EQUIPMENT OF THE KHAZAR TIME (MIDDLE STREAM OF THE SEVERSKY DONETS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.6.198.223Keywords:
archaeology, Seversky Donets, Khazar period, ancient fortified settlements, weapons, horse equipment, sabrеs, spears, arrows, bits, stirrupsAbstract
The article is dedicated to weapons and horse equipment discovered at the monuments of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture located in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets river. In the upstream (within the forest-steppe zone) these items are generally found in the burials of catacomb and cremation necropolises. In the steppe, they are less frequently discovered, which accounts for the versions concerning the poor familiarization of the local population with military art. An analysis of the materials discovered in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets demonstrates the inconsistency of these viewpoints. Weapons and horse equipment items are rather often found at the monuments located in this area. Thus, in a large settlement near Mayaki village of Slavyansky District, the number of items from this category is about 20% of the total number of the discovered metal items. This conclusion is quite consistent with the concept of the presence of a group of fortifi ed settlements (Donetsk fortifi ed settlements) in the region, which could be defended without a signifi cant military contingent. It is rather logical that the majority of discovered weapon items are concentrated at these monuments.
References
Aksenov, V. S. 2005. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.-in-chief). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 4. Khazarskoe vremia (Khazar Time). Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 245–260 (in Russian).
Aksenov, V. S. 2005. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.-in-chief). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 4. Khazarskoe vremia (Khazar Time). Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 357–368 (in Russian).
Aksenov, V. S. 2017. In Bubenok, O. B. (ed.). Khazarskii al’manakh (Khazar Almanac) 15. Moscow: Instutite for Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 37–57 (in Russian).
Armarchuk, E. A. 2006. Konskaia upriazh' iz mogil'nikov Severo-Vostochnogo Prichernomor'ia X–XIII vv. (Horse Harness from the Burial Mounds of the North-Eastern Black Sea Region dated the 10th –13th cc.). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Artamonov, M. I. 1958. In Artamonov, M. I. (ed.). Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 62. Moscow; Leningrad: the USSR Academy of Sciences, 239–268 (in Russian).
Babenko, V. A. 1914. Trudy XV Arkheologicheskogo s"ezda v Novgorode (Proceedings of the 15th Archaeological Congress in Novgorod) I. Moscow: “Sinodal'naia tipografi ia” Publ., 446−464(in Russian).
Bartol'd, V. V. 1973. In Sochineniia (Works) 8. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 504–545 (in Russian).
Bobrov, L. A., Khudyakov, Yu. S. 2008. Vooruzhenie i taktika kochevnikov Tsentral'noy Azii i Yuzhnoy Sibiri v epokhu pozdnego srednevekov'ya i rannego Novogo vremeni (XV – pervaya polovina XVIII v.). (Armament and Tactics of the Central Asian and South Siberian Nomads in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time (15th - fi rst half of 18th cc.). Saint Petersburg: Faculty of Filology, Saint Petersburg State University (in Russian).
Gabuev, T. A. 2005. Alanskii vsadnik. Sokrovishcha kniazei I–XII vekov. Katalog vystavki. (The Alan Horseman . Treasures of 1st –12th century Princes. Exhibition Catalogue). Moscow: The State Museum of Oriental Art (in Russian).
Golubev, A. M. 2018. In Tyurk, A., Zelenkov, A. S. (eds.). III Mezhdunarodniy mad'yarskiy simpozium (Budapesht, 6–10 iyunya 2016 g.) (3rd International Magyar Symposium (Budapest, June 6-10, 2016)). Budapesht. 367–402 (in Russian).
Golubev, A. M. 2017. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) 2, 57–64 (in Ukrainian).
Grib, V. K. 2019. In Vestnik Donetsskogo natsional’nogo universiteta. Seriia B: Gumanitarnye nauki (Bulletin of the of Donetsk National University. Series B: Humanities”) (3), 23–28 (in Russian).
Grib, V. K., Shvetsov, M. L. 2019. In Kruglov, E. V., Lapshin, A. S., Lapshin, I. Yu. (eds.). Arheologiia kak zhizn'. Pamiati Evgeniia Pavlovicha Mys'kova (Archaeology as Life. In Memory of Evgeny Pavlovich Myskov). Volgograd: “Sfera” Publ., 158−173 (in Russian).
Grincheko, V. A., 1950. In Arkheologiia (Archaeology) 3, 37−63 (Ukrainian).
Davydenko, V. V., Gavrilova, A. N. 2011. In Dedov, V. M. (ed.). Sviatogirs’kkii al’manakh (Svyatogirsky Almanac). Donetsk, 20–31 (in Russian).
Davydenko, V. V., Grib, V. K.. 2011. In Kolesnik, A. V. (ed.). Arkheologicheskii al'manakh (Archaeological almanac) 25. Donetsk: “Bytservis” Publ., 25–269 (in Russian).
Dedov, V. N., Shvetsov, M. L. 1987. In Sovetskaia Arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (1), 262−263 (in Russian).
Dmitriev, A. V. 2003. In Makarova, T. I., Pletneva, S. A. (eds.). Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor'e i Zakavkaz'e v epokhu srednevekovija IV-XIII vv. (Crimea, North-Eastern Black Sea region and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages in the 4th-13th cc.). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 200−206 (in Russian).
D’yachkov, S. V. 2016. In Drevnosti (Antiqquities) 14, 222–225 (in Russian).
Kirpichnikov, A. N. 1966. Drevnerusskoe oruzhie (Early Russian Weapons) 2. Kop’ia, sulitsy, boevye topory, bulavy, kisteni IX–XIII vv. (Spears, Lances, War Axes, Maces, Flails of 9th–13th Centuries). Series: Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov (Corpus of Archaeological Sources) E1-36. Moscow; Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kirpichnikov, A. N. 1973. Snariazhenie vsadnika i verkhovogo konia na Rusi IX—XIII vv. (Munitions of Rider and Riding Horse in Rus’ of 9th — 13th Centuries). Series: Corpus of Archaeological Sources E1−36. Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Koloda, V. V. 2013. In Saltovo-maiats'ka arkheologіchna kul'tura: problemi ta doslіdzhennia (Saltovo-Mayaki Archaeological Culture: Issues and Achievements) 3. Kharkіv: “KhNMTsOKS” Publ., 73–81(in Russian).
Koloda, V. V. 2014. In Dyachkov, S. V. (ed.). Problemy istorii i arkheologii Ukrainy (Issues of History and Archaelogy of Ukraine). Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University, 54–55 (in Russian).
Koloda, V. V., Koloda, T. A. 2009. In Oleynik, N. N. (ed.). Khazarskii al’manakh (Khazar Almanac) 8. Kharkiv: “International Solomon University” Publ., 203–215 (in Russian).
Komar, A. V., Sukhobokov, O. V. 2000. In Vostochoevropeiskii arkheologicheskii zhurnal (East-European Archaeological Journal) 3(2), March-April Available at: http://archaeology.kiev.ua/journal/020300/komar_sukhobokov.htm (Accessed: 04.12.2020).
Kravchenko, E. E. 2004. In Mikheev, V. K. (ed.). Khazarskii al’manakh (Khazar Almanac) 3. Kiev-Kharkiv: “International Solomon University” Publ., 242–276 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E. 2005. In Problemy zberezhennia i vikoristannia kul’turnoi spadshchini v Ukraini (Issues of the Preservation and Use of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine). Slovyansk: “Pechatnyi dvor” Publ., 208–222 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E. 2018. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 24 (2), 10–32 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E. 2015. In Bocharov, S. G., Sitdikov, A. G. (eds.). Genuezskaia Gazariia i Zolotaia Orda (The Genoese Gazaria and the Golden Horde). Kazan; Simferopol; Kishinev: “Stratum Plus” Publ., 407–474 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E., Petrenko, A. N., Shamrai, A. V. 2008. Otchet ob issledovaniiakh na arkheologicheskom komplekse Mayaki v 2008 godu (Report on Studes at the Mayaki Archaeological Complex in 2008). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 2008/82 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E. 2020. Sidorovskii arkheologicheskii kompleks na r. Severskii Donets (Sidorovsky Archaeological Complex on the Seversky Donets River) Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) 4 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E., Davydenko, V. V. 2001. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.-in-chief). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 2. Khazarskoe vremia (Khazar Time). Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 233–302 (in Russian).
Kravchenko, E. E., Shamrai, A. V. 2014. In Problemy zberezhennia i vikoristannia kul’turnoi spadshchini v Ukraini (Issues of the Preservation and Use of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine). Donetsk: “Vash imidzh” Publ., 183–192 (in Russian).
Krasil'nikov, K. I. 2010. In Mochalova, V. V. (ed.). Nauchnye trudy po iudaike. Materialy XVII Mezhdunarodnoi ezhegodnoi konferentsii po iudaike (Scientifi c Works on Jewish Studies. Materials of the 17th Annual International Conference on Jewish Studies) II. Moscow: “Probel-2000” Publ., 16–32 (in Russian).
Kryganov, A. V. 1987. Vooruzheniie i konskoe snariazhenie kochevnikov iuga Vostochnoi Evropy (Armament and Horse Equipment of the Nomads of the South of Eastern Europe in the 7th-10th cc.). Diss. of Candidate Historical Sciences. Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Fund 12, No. 656 (in Russian).
Loktyushev, S. A. 2009. In Kraeznavchi zapiski (Local History Notes) 5, 299–300 (in Russian).
Mazhitov, N. A. 1968. Bakhmutinskaia kul’tura: Etnicheskaia istoriia naseleniia Severnoi Bashkirii serediny I tysiacheletiia nashei ery (The Bakhmutino Culture: Ethnic History of the Northern Bashkiria Population in the Middle I Millennium AD). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Maiko, V. V., Gavrilov, A. V., Gukin, V. D.. 2009. In Oleynik, N. N. (ed.). Khazarskii al’manakh (Khazar Almanac) 8. Kharkiv: “International Solomon University” Publ., 237–263 (in Russian).
Matveeva, G. I. 1997. Mogil’nik rannikh bulgar na Samarskoi Luke (Могильники ранних болгар на Самарской Луке). Samara: Samara State University (in Russian).
Matveeva, G. I. 1997. Mogil’nik rannikh bulgar na Samarskoi Luke (Burial grounds of the Early Bolgars on Samarskaya Luka). Samara: Samara State University (in Russian).
Dedov, V. N., Shamray, A. V., Solovkin, O. O. (comp.). 2017. Material’na ta dukhovna kul’tura naseleniia Podintsiv’ia v period seredn’ovchchia VIII-XIV st. na prikladi gorodishcha “Tsarine” (Maiats’ke) (The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Population of the Don Region in the Period of the Mid-8thI-14th cc. at the Example of “Tsarina” Fortifi ed Settlement (Mayaki)). Kiev: “SAM” Publ. (in Ukrainian).
Medvedev, A. F. 1966. Ruchnoe metatel’noe oruzhie (luk i strely, samostrel) VIII–XIV vv. (Hand Missile Weapons (Bow and Arrows, Crossbow) of 8th – 14th Centuries). Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov (Corpus of Archaeological Sources) E1-36. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1963. Rezul’taty arkheologicheskikh rabot na Maiatskom gorodishche v 1963 g. (Results of Archaeological Activities at Mayaki Settlement in 1963). Archive of the Museum of History and Ethnography of Sloboda Ukraine, Kharkiv National University. Fund 1. Inv. 2. Unit 4 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1964. Otchet o arkheologicheskikh raskopkhakh poseleniia u sela Maiaki v1964 g. (Report on Archaeological Excavations at a Settlement near Mayaki Village in 1964). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1964/28 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1965. Otchet o raskopkakh poseleniia i mogil’nika saltovskoi kul’tury u sela Maiaki letom 1965 g. (Report on the Excavations of a Settlement and Burial Ground of the Saltovo Culture near Mayaki Village in the Summer of 1965.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1965/18 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1966. Otchet o arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh poseleniia u sela Maiaki Slaviankogo raiona Donetskoi oblasti. (Report on Archaeological Excavations near Mayaki Village of the Slavyansky District of the Donetsk Region.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1966/80 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1968. K itogam issledovanii poseleniia saltovo-maiatskoi kul’tury (The Results of the Study of a Settlement of the Saltovo-Mayaki Culture near Mayaki Village) (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1968. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh poseleniia saltovskoi kul’tury u sela Maiaki v 1968 g. (Report on the Excavations of a Settlement and Burial Ground of the Saltovo Culture near Mayaki Village in the Summer of 1965.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1968/48 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1971. Otchet o rabote srednevekovoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii Khar'kovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. A.M. Gor'kogo v 1971 g. (Report on the Activities work of the Medieval Archaeological Expedition of the National University of Kharkov named after A.M. Gorky in 1971). Research Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1971/76 (in Russian).
Mikheev, V. K. 1985. Podon'e v sostave Khazarskogo kaganata (The Don Region in Khazar Khaganate). Kharkiv (in Russian).
Orlov, R. S., Motsya, A. P., Pokas, P. M. 1985. In Tolochko, P. P. (ed.). Zemli Yuzhnoi Rusi IX-XIV vv. (Southern Russian Lands in the 9th-14th cc.). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ., 41−60 (in Russian).
Pletneva, S. A. 1989. Na slaviano-khazarskom pogranich'e. Dmitrievskii arkheologicheskii kompleks (In the Slavic-Khazar Borderlands. Dmitriev Archaeological Complex). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Pletneva, S. A. 1967. Ot kochevii k gorodam. Saltovo- maiatskaia kul’tura (From Camps to Towns. Saltovo --Mayaki Culture). Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii (Proceedings and Research in Archaeology of the USSR) 142. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Pletneva, S. A. 1999. Ocherki khazarskoi arkheologii (Essays on Khazar Archaeology). Moscow; Jerusalem: “Gesharim”; “Mosty kul'tury” Publ. (in Russian).
Sіbіl'ov, M. V. 1950. In Arkheologіia 4, 99−114 (in Ukrainian).
Sorokin, S. S. 1959. In Artamonov, M. I. (ed.). Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 75. Moscow; Leningrad: the USSR Academy of Sciences, 148–150 (in Russian).
Tatarinov, S. I., Kopyl, A. G. 1981. In Sovetskaia Arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (1), 300–307 (in Russian).
Tatarinov, S. I., Kopyl, A. G., Shamray, A. V. 1981. In Sovetskaia Arkheologiia (Soviet Archaeology) (1), 209–221 (in Russian).
Takhtay, A. K. 1999. In Vita antiqua (2), 160–169 (in Russian).
Fedorov-Davydov, G. A. 1966. Kochevniki Vostochnoi Evropy pod vlast’iu zolotoordynskikh khanov: Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki (East-European Nomads under the Golden Horde’s Khans: Archaeological Sites). Moscow: Moscow State University (in Russian).
Khodzhayov, T. K., Shvetsov, M. L., Khodzhayova, G. K., Frizen, S. Yu. 2012. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.-in-chief). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 11. Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 125−192 (in Russian).
Khudyakov, Yu. S. 1980. Vooruzhenie eniseiskikh kyrgyzov (Armament of the Yenisei Kyrgyz). Novosibirsk: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Khudiakov, Yu. S. 1986. Vooruzhenie srednevekovykh kochevnikov Iuzhnoi Sibiri i Tsentral’noi Azii (Arms of the Medieval Nomads of the Sourthern Siberia and Central Asia). Novosibirsk: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Khudyakov, Yu. S. 1991. Vooruzhenie tsentral'noaziatskikh kochevnikov v epokhu rannego i razvitogo srednevekov'ya (Armament of Central Asian Nomads in the Early and Developed Middle Ages). Novosibirsk: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Shvetsov, M. L. 1991. In Problemi na prablgarskata i kultura (Issues of the Proto-Bolgar History and Culture) 2. Sofi a: “Agres” Publ., 109−123 (in Russian).
Shvetsov, M. L. 2001. In Sorochan, S. B. (ed.). Problemy istorii i arkheologii Ukrainy (Issues of History and Archaelogy of Ukraine). Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University, 110–111 (in Russian).
Shvetsov, M. L., Kravchenko, E. E. 1988. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh ekspeditsii v 1988 g. (Report on the Archaeological Studies of the Expedition in 1988). Research Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1988/165 (in Russian).
Shvetsov, M. L., Kravchenko, E. E. 1989. Otchet o spasate’nykh arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh na pamiatnike u sela Maiaki Slaviankogo raiona Donetskoi oblasti v 1989 g. (Report on Rescue Archaeological Studies at the Monument near Mayaki and Donetsky villages in Slavyansky District of Donetsk Region in 1989.). Research Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. No. 1989/249. (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 E.E. Kravchenko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
