CEMBALO FORTRESS CHURCHES, 14TH-15TH CENTURIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2021.4.213.239Keywords:
archaeology, Genoene fortress Cembalo, tempes Nos 1–5, consular St. Nicholas castle, St. George CapeAbstract
The Genoese fortress Cembalo (1345–1475) located on Kastron mountain had a complex urban and fortification horizontal stratigraphy. Latin Quarter had formed in the western part of the city by the 1380s–1390s.
St. Nicholas castle towered over the Quarter. The buildings of the Latin Quarter included a church (“temple No. 1”), a priori referred to by researchers (1999–2003) as “the temple of St. Nicholas”. However, the western cape of the seaside Kastron mountain is named after St. George. This may be a reason to assume that the temple was dedicated to St. George – the patron of the city of Genoa. The Hermitage expedition examined four church buildings of the 14th–15th centuries (temples No. 2–5). All the temples have common features and functions. Their structures are made of rubble and lime mortar. Nummulite limestone spolias were used in the masonry of the corners, door and window openings. Temple No. 5 features building material in the form of not only architectural details, but also fragments of gravestones and dedicatory inscriptions from an Armenian temple of the 14th-17th centuries. None of the 14th–15th century temples showed traces of overlapping with the use of Byzantine roofing tiles – ceramides and calipters. Tiled covering (“tatarka”) was only used
at the end of the 18th century during the restoration of temples No. 1 and No. 5. Orthodox temples (No. 2–5) were erected using the Byzantine foot units equal to 0.318 m. The temple complexes were used for one and a half to two centuries as city quarter chapels. On average, at least 75 buried people were found at the necropolises at each of the churches. In situ traces of polychromatic murals were found in only one temple (No. 1).
References
REFERENCES
Adaksina, S. B. 2006. Monastyrskii kompleks X-XVI vv. na g. Aiu-Dag (Monastery Complex of the 10th–16th Centuries on m. Ayu-Dag ). Saint Petersburg: The State Hermitage Museum (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B. 2006. In Myts, V. L. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie ekspedetsii v Krymu. 1995 god (Archaeological Expeditions in the Crimea. 1995). Simferopol: “Sonat” Publ., 11−15 (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Kirilko, V. P., Myts, V. L. 2005. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh srednevekovoi kreposti Chembalo v 2004 godu (Report on Archaeological Studies of the Cembalo Medieval Fortress in 2004). Series: Materialy Iuzhno-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the South Crimean Archaeological Expedition) 4. Saint Petersburg; Simferopol: The State Hermitage Publ. (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Kirilko, V. P., Myts, V. L. 2006. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh srednevekovoi kreposti Chembalo (g.Balaklava) v 2005 godu (Report on Archaeological Studies of the Cembalo Medieval Fortress (Balaklava) in 2005). Series: Materialy Iuzhno-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the South Crimean Archaeological Expedition) 5. Saint Petersburg- Simferopol: The State Hermitage Publ. (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Myts, V. L. 2007. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh srednevekovoi kreposti Chembalo (g.Balaklava) v 2006 godu (Report on Archaeological Studies of the Cembalo Medieval Fortress (Balaklava) in 2006). Series: Materialy Iuzhno-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the South Crimean Archaeological Expedition) 6. Saint Petersburg- Simferopol: The State Hermitage Publ. (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Myts, V. L. 2008. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh srednevekovoi kreposti Chembalo (g.Balaklava) v 2007 g. (Report on Archaeological Studies of the Cembalo Medieval Fortress (Balaklava) in 2007). Series: Materialy Iuzhno-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the South Crimean Archaeological Expedition) 6. Saint Petersburg- Simferopol: The State Hermitage Publ. (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Myts, V. L. 2015. Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh srednevekovoi kreposti Chembalo (g.Balaklava) v 2014 g.). (Report on Archaeological Studies of the Cembalo Medieval Fortress (Balaklava) in 2014). Series: Materialy Iuzhno-Krymskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the South Crimean Archaeological Expedition) 12. Saint Petersburg- Sevastopol: The State Hermitage Publ. (in Russian).
Adaksina, S. B., Myts, V. L. 2018. In Arkheologiya evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) 4. 206−210 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., D’yachkov, S. V. Otchet o raskopkakh «konsul'skoi tserkvi» na territorii kreposti Chembalo v 1999 g. (Report on the Excavations of the “Consular Church” in the Territory of Cembalo Fortress in 1999). National Archive of the State Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonese”, dossier 3432 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., Gin’kut, N. V., D’yachkov, S. V. Otchet o raskopkakh «konsul'skoi tserkvi» na territorii kreposti Chembalo v 2000 g. (Report on the Excavations of the “Consular Church” in the Territory of Cembalo Fortress in 2000). National Archive of the State Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonese”, dossier 3496 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., Gin’kut, N. V., D’yachkov, S. V. Otchet o raskopkakh «konsul'skoi tserkvi» na territorii kreposti Chembalo v 2001 g. (Report on the Excavations of the “Consular Church” in the Territory of Cembalo Fortress in 2001). National Archive of the State Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonese”, dossier 3513 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., Gin’kut, N. V., D’yachkov, S. V. Otchet o raskopkakh «konsul'skoi tserkvi» na territorii kreposti Chembalo v 2002 g. (Report on the Excavations of the “Consular Church” in the Territory of Cembalo Fortress in 2002). National Archive of the State Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonese”, dossier 3588 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., Gin’kut, N. V., D’yachkov, S. V. Otchet o raskopkakh «konsul'skoi tserkvi» na territorii kreposti Chembalo v 2003 g. (Report on the Excavations of the “Consular Church” in the Territory of Cembalo Fortress in 2003). National Archive of the State Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonese”, dossier 3592 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A. 2004. In Mel'nikov, A. S. (ed.). Dvenadtsataya Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya. Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii (12th All-Russian Numismatic Conference. Abstracts and Reports). Moscow: State Historical Museum, 110−111 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., D’yachkov, S. V. 2004. In Christian architecture in the Black Sea Basin IV−VII cent. AD. Poznan – Obrzycho, 25−29.10.2004. Abstracts, 4−5 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A., Gin’kut, N. V., D’yachkov, S. V., Stolyarenko, E. N. 2015. In D'yachkov, S.V. (ed.). Laurea I. Antichnyj mir i Srednie veka: Chteniya pamyati professora Vladimira Ivanovicha Kadeeva. Materialy (Laurea I. Antique World and the Middle Ages: Studies of the memory of Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Kadeev. Materials). Khar'kov: “NTMT” Publ., 150−162 (in Russian).
Alekseenko, N. A. 2018. In Khersonesskii sbornik (Chersonesos collection). 19. 17−28. (in Russian).
Atanasov, G. 2005. Khristianskiiat Durostorum-Drstr (The Christian Durostorum-Drastar). Veliko Tarnovo: “Abagar AD” Publ. (in Bulgarian).
Vladimirov, G. V. 2014. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 9 (3), 242–253 (in Russian).
Gertsen, A. G., Yasheva, T. Yu. 2010. In Peskova, A. A., Shcheglova, O. A., Musin, A. E. (eds.). Slaviano-russkoe iuvelirnoe delo i ego istoki (Slavic-Russian Jewelry Craft and its Origins). Saint-Petersburg: “Nestor-Historia” Publ., 355−362.
Gin’kut, N. V. 2001. In Vzaimootnosheniia religioznykh konfessii v mnogonatsional'nom regione: istoriia i sovremennost'. Tez. dokl. (Relations of Religious Confessions in the Multinational Region: History and Contemporeanity. Abstracts). Sevastopol, 53–60 (in Russian).
Gin’kut, N. V. 2001. In Vzaimootnosheniia religioznykh konfessii v mnogonatsional'nom regione: istoriia i sovremennost'. Tez. dokl. (Relations of Religious Confessions in the Multinational Region: History and Contemporeanity. Abstracts). Sevastopol, 15−17 (in Russian).
Gusach, I. R. 2005. In Bocharov, S. G., Myts, V. L. (eds.). Polivnaia keramika Sredizemnomor'ia i Prichernomor'ia v X–XVIII vv. (Glazed Ceramics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea in 10th-18th Centuries). Kiev: “Stilos” Publ., 476–481 (in Russian).
Davidova, M. G., Lepakhin, V. V. 2013. Vvedenie vo khram Presviatoi Bogoroditsy (Introduction to the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos). Saint Petersburg: “Metropress” Publ. (in Russian).
D’yachkov, S. V. 2001. In Sorochan, S. B. (ed.). Problemy istorii i arkheologii Ukrainy (Issues of History and Archaelogy of Ukraine). Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University, 93−94 (in Russian).
D’yachkov, S. V., Alekseenko, N. A. In Universitates. 4, 28−37 (in Russian).
D’yachkov, S. V. 2004. In Myts (ed.). O drevnostiakh Iuzhnogo berega Kryma i gor Tavricheskikh (“On Antiquities of the Southern Coast of the Crimea and the Tauric Mountains”). Kiev: “Stilos” Publ., 246−255 (in Russian).
D’yachkov, S. V. 2019. In Bocharov, S. G., Sitdikov, A. G. (ed.). Genuezskaia Gazariia i Zolotaia Orda (The Genoese Gazaria and the Golden Horde) 2. Series: Archaeological Records of Eastern Europe. Kazan; Kishinev: “Stratum Plus” Publ., 771−790 (in Russian).
Dode, Z. V. 2007. In Arkheologiia, etnografiia i antropologiia Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia) 30 (2), 100–113 (in Russian).
Doncheka-Petkova, L. 2011. Srednevekovni krstove-enkolpioni ot Blgariia (IX-XIV vv.). (Medieval Crosses-Encolpions from Bolgaria (9th-14th cc.)). Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov (in Bulgarian).
El’nikov, M. V. 2001. Srednevekovyi mogil'nik Mamai-Surka (po materialam issledovanii 1989-1992 gg.) (Mamai-Surka Medieval Burial Ground (Based on Study Materials of 1989-1992.). Zaporozh'e: Zaporizhzhya National University Publ. (in Russian).
Elnikov, M. V. 2005−2009. In Stratum Plus (6), 410−420 (in Russian).
Zalesskaya, V. N. 1995. In Antichnaya drevnost' i srednie veka (Antichnaya drevnost' i srednie veka) 27. 98–101 (in Russian).
Karimova, R. R. 2013. Elementy ubranstva i aksessuary kostiuma kochevnikov Zolotoi Ordy (tipologiia i sociokul'turnaia interpretatsiia) Elements of dressing and costume accessories of Golden Horde nomads (typology, social and cultural interpretation). Series: Arkheologiia evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes) 7. Kazan: Institute of History named after Shigabuddin Mardzhani, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences; Samara Municipal Institute for Public Administration (in Russian).
Kirilko, V. P. 2012. In Maiko, V. V. (ed.). Drevniaia i srednevekovaia Tavrika (Ancient and Medieval Tauris). Series: Arkheologicheskii al'manakh (Archaeological almanac) 28. Donetsk: “Donbass” Publ., 189–224 (in Russian).
Kirpichnikov, A. N. 1984. Kamennye kreposti Novgorodskoi zemli (Stone Fortresses of the Novgorod Land). Leningrad (in Russian).
Kochkina, A. F. 2011. In Samarskaia Luka. Istoriia, priroda, iskusstvo (Samarskaya Luka. History, Nature, Art) 18, 20−24 (in Russian).
Kramarovskii, M. G. 1994. In Shandrovskaya, V. S. (ed.). Vizantiia i Blizhnii Vostok: pamiati A.V. Bank (Byzantium and the Middle East: in Memory of A.V. Bank). Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum, 126–142 (in Russian).
Kramarovskii, M. G. 2000. In Evglevskii, A. V. (ed.). Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages) 1. Donetsk: Donetsk National University, 245–263 (in Russian).
Kramarovskii, M. G. 2001. Zoloto Chingisidov: kul'turnoye naslediye Zolotoy Ordy (Gold of Genghisid: the cultural heritage of the Golden Horde). Saint Petersburg: “Slaviya” Publ. (in Russian).
Kramarovskii, M. G. 2013. In Antichnaya drevnost' i srednie veka (Antichnaya drevnost' i srednie veka) 36. 194–228 (in Russian).
Kulatova, I. N. 2002. In Arkheologichnii litopis Livoberezhnoi Ukraini (Archaeological Chronicle of the Left Bank of Ukraine). 2(1). 115 (in Russian).
Malyuk, N. I., Polidovich, Yu. B. 2016. In Ongaruly, A. (ed.). Religiia i sistema mirovozzrenii drevnikh i srednevekovykh nomadov Evrazii (Religion and Worldview System of the Ancient and Medieval Nomads of Eurasia). Almaty: Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 65−75 (in Russian).
Molodin, V. I. 2005. In Gnutova, S. V. (ed.). Stavrograficheskii sbornik. Kniga III. Krest kak lichnaia sviatynia (Stavrographic Collection. Book III. Cross as a Personal Shrine). Moscow: Moscow Patriarchate; “Drevnekhranilishche” Publ., 83−133 (in Russian).
Myts, V. L. 2009. Kaffa i Feodoro v XV v. Kontakty i konflikty (Kaffa and Theodoro in the 15th century. Contacts and Conflicts). Simferopol: “Universum” Publ. (in Russian).
Yasheva, T., Denisova, E., Ginkut, N., Zalesskaya, V., Zhuravlev, D. 2011. Nasledie vizantiiskogo Khersona (The Legacy of Byzantine Kherson). Sevastopol, Austin: “Telrskop” Publ., Texas University (in Russian).
Naumenko, V. E. 2018. In Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriia 4, Istoriia. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia (Science Journal of VolSU. History. Area Studies. International Relations) 6 (25). 100–115 (in Russian).
Makarov, N. A., Greshnikov, E. A., Zaitseva, I. E., Podurets, K. M., Kovalenko, E. S., Murashev, M. M. 2020. In Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii (Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology) 258. 25−45 (in Russian).
Peskova, A. A. 2005. In Gnutova, S. V. (ed.). Stavrograficheskii sbornik. Kniga III. Krest kak lichnaia sviatynia (Stavrographic Collection. Book III. Cross as a Personal Shrine). Moscow: Moscow Patriarchate; “Drevnekhranilishche” Publ., 134−183 (in Russian).
Peskova, A. A. 2006. In Nosov, E. N. (ed.). Khristianskaia ikonografiia Vostoka i Zapada v pamiatnikakh material'noi kul'tury Drevnei Rusi i Vizantii (Christian Iconography of the East and West in the Monuments of the Material Culture of Ancient Rus and Byzantium). Saint Petersburg: “Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie” Publ. (in Russian).
Peskova, A. A. 2009. In Belyaev, L. A. (ed.). Archeologia Abrahamica. Issledovaniia v oblasti arkheologii i khudozhestvennoi traditsii iudaizma, khristianstva i islama (Archeologia Abrahamica. Studies in Archaeology and Artistic Tradition of Judaism, Christianity and Islam). Moscow: “Indrik” Publ., 285–312 (in Russian).
Rudenko, K. A. 2005. In Tatarskaia arkheologiya (Tatar Archaeology) 1–2 (14–15), 92–110 (in Russian).
Sedova, M. V. 1981. Iuvelirnye izdeliia drevnego Novgoroda (X–XV vv.) (Jewelry of Old Novgorod (10th–15th Centuries)). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Senotrusova, P. O. 2013. In Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriia (Bulletin of the Tomsk State University: History) 23 (3), 285−288 (in Russian).
Stepanov, A. Yu., Stepanova, E. P. 2006. In Zalesskaya, V. N. (ed.). Vizantiiskaia ideia. Vizantiia v epokhu Komninov i Paleologov (Byzantine Idea. Byzantium in the Period of the Komnenos and Palaeologus). Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum, 162–168 (in Russian).
Stolyarenko, E. N. 2010. In D’yachenko, S. V. (ed.). Drevnosti 2010 (Antiquities 2010) 9. Kharkov: Kharkov Historical and Archaeological Society, 290−301 (in Russian).
Strokova, L. 2006. In Pamiatki Ukraini: istoriia ta kul’tura (Monuments of Ukraine: History and Culture) 38, 34−43 (in Ukranian).
Suprunenko, O. B., Priimak, V. V., Mironenko, K. M. 2004. Arkheologichni pam'iatki zolotoordins'kogo chasu Dniprovs'kogo lisostepovogo livoberezhzhia (Archaeological Monuments of the Golden Horde Period of the Forest-Steppe Dnieper Left Bank.). Kiev; Poltava (in Ukranian).
Terent’ev-Katanskii, A. P. 2004. Illiustratsii k kitaiskomu bestiariiu. Mifologicheskie zhivotnye Drevnego Kitaia (Illustrations for the Chinese Bestiary. Mythological Animals of Ancient China). Saint Petersburg: “Forma T” Publ. (in Russian).
Shalobudov, V. N., Androsov, V. A., Mukhopad, S. E. 1983. In Kovaleva, I. F. (ed.). In Drevnosti stepnogo Podneprov’ia III-II tys. do n.e. (Antiquities of the Steppe Dnieper Region 3rd-1st Millennia BC.). Dnepropetrovsk: Dnepropetrovsk State University, 19−27 (in Russian).
Fedorov-Davydov, G. A. 1966. Kochevniki Vostochnoi Evropy pod vlast’iu zolotoordynskikh khanov: Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki (East-European Nomads under the Golden Horde’s Khans: Archaeological Sites). Moscow: Moscow State University (in Russian).
Yarovaya, E. A. 2010. Geral’dika genuezskogo Kryma (The Heraldry of the Genoese Crimea). Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum (in Russian).
Balard, M. 1978. La Romanie genoise (XII - debut du XV siecle): Roma. Genova: Erole Francaise de Rome.
Cheng Chia-hua 1986. Catalogue of the exhibition of Chi’ng dynasty costume accessories: the National Palace Museum. Taipei (in English).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 S.B. Adaksina, V.L. Myts
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
